Table Of ContentEdited by K. Kubitzki
Volume XV
Flowering Plants
Eudicots
Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae)
Joachim W. Kadereit · Volker Bittrich (Eds.)
THE FAMILIES
AND GENERA
OF VASCULAR PLANTS
EditedbyK.Kubitzki
Forfurthervolumesseelistattheendofthebookand:
http://www.springer.com/series/1306
The Families
and Genera
of Vascular Plants
Edited by K. Kubitzki
XV (cid:1)
Flowering Plants Eudicots
Apiales, Gentianales (except Rubiaceae)
Volume Editors:
Joachim W. Kadereit (cid:129) Volker Bittrich
With 85 Figures
Editors
JoachimW.Kadereit VolkerBittrich
JohannesGutenberg Campinas
Universita¨tMainz Brazil
Mainz
Germany
SeriesEditor
Prof.Dr.KlausKubitzki
Universita¨tHamburg
BiozentrumKlein-FlottbekundBotanischerGarten
22609Hamburg
Germany
TheFamiliesandGeneraofVascularPlants
ISBN978-3-319-93604-8 ISBN978-3-319-93605-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5
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Preface
It is with great pleasure that I present a volume with family treatments of the orders
ApialesandGentianales(exceptRubiaceae).Animmenseamountofevidencerecently
accruedhadtobetakenintoaccounttopresentup-to-datetreatmentsofthesefamilies,
including evidence from taxonomic revisions of large groups, new comparative mor-
phological studies, but also data from karyological and phytochemical findings and,
aboveall,resultsfromanincreasingnumberofmolecularsystematicstudiesthathave
changedourconceptsofrelationshipsconsiderably.InthetwolargefamiliesApiaceae
andApocynaceae,whichcomprise466and378generarespectively,theestablishment
ofaphylogeneticframeworkobviouslyhasbeenacomprehensiveeffortformanyyears
by several authors. Although much smaller, the same is true for Loganiaceae where
establishment of family limits proved to be particularly difficult. The authors of the
Apiaceaetreatmentfounditdifficulttodeviseasingleusablekeytothegeneraofthis
family.Therefore,separatekeyswereconstructedforthenativeandnaturalizedgenera
in seven major geographic regions of the world. The treatments of Apiaceae and
Apocynaceaealsoincludemanyreferencestovariouskeysandtaxonomictreatments
of parts of the families that are difficult to find, which makes these treatments even
moreuseful.
Altogether, the volume contains a wealth of interesting information, and I am
greatlyindebtedtoallauthorsfortheirardentdesiretocompletetheircontributions,
andtothevolumeeditorswhotookcarethattheprojectwasbroughttoanend.Iam
also grateful to all copyright holders who so kindly gave permission to reproduce
illustrations published under their responsibility, and to all artists who contributed
original illustrations. The artist Bobbi Angell, New York, again deserves our special
thanks for the generosity with which she authorized the use of fine illustrations
published under her authorship. Doris Franke, Mainz, is gratefully acknowledged for
preparingallfiguresforprint.
Finally,Ihavegreatpleasureinthankingthecopyeditorofthepresentvolume,Dr.
MoniqueDelafontaine,forherdedicatededitorialwork.MywarmthanksalsogotoDr.
SabinevonMering,whokindlytookcareofpreparingtheindexofscientificnames.As
always, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the cordial collaboration with Dr. Andrea
SchlitzbergerfromSpringerVerlag.
Hamburg KlausKubitzki
2May2018
v
Contents
IntroductiontotheOrdersofthis V.BITTRICHandJ.W.KADEREIT ........ 1
Volume
Apiaceae G.M.PLUNKETT,M.G.PIMENOV,
J.-P.REDURON,E.V.KLJUYKOV,
B.-E.VANWYK,T.A.OSTROUMOVA,
M.J.HENWOOD,P.M.TILNEY,K.SPALIK,
M.F.WATSON,B.-Y.LEE,F.-D.PU,
C.J.WEBB,J.M.HART,A.D.MITCHELL,
andB.MUCKENSTURM ................... 9
Apocynaceae M.E.ENDRESS, U. MEVE,
D.J.MIDDLETON,
and S. LIEDE-SCHUMANN ............. 207
Araliaceae G.M.PLUNKETT,J.WEN,P.P.LOWRY II,
A.D.MITCHELL,M.J.HENWOOD,
andP.FIASCHI ....................... 413
Gelsemiaceae L.STRUWE ............................ 447
Gentianaceae L.STRUWE andJ.S.PRINGLE .......... 453
Griseliniaceae M.O.DILLON ......................... 505
Loganiaceae L.STRUWE,K.L.GIBBONS,B.J.CONN,
andT.J.MOTLEY ..................... 511
Myodocarpaceae P.P.LOWRYIIandG.M.PLUNKETT ... 527
Pennantiaceae M.J.POTGIETER ....................... 533
Pittosporaceae R.C.CAROLIN andV.BITTRICH ....... 539
Torricelliaceae G.M.PLUNKETT, Q.-Y. XIANG,
P.P. LOWRY II, and G.E. SCHATZ .... 549
Index ........................................ 557
Volumespublishedinthisseries ........................................ 569
vii
List of Contributors
VolkerBittrich RuaDr.MariodeNucci500,13083-290Campinas,SP,Brazil.
[email protected]
RogerC.Carolin OakPark,P.O.Box25,Berry2535,NSW,Australia.
[email protected]
BarryJ.Conn JohnRayHerbarium,SchoolofLifeandEnvironmental
Sciences,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,NSW2006,Australia.
[email protected]
MichaelO.Dillon BotanyDepartment,TheFieldMuseum,1400SouthLakeShore
Drive,Chicago,IL60605,USA.
mdillon@fieldmuseum.org
MaryE.Endress InstituteofSystematicandEvolutionaryBotany,Universityof
Zurich,Zollikerstrasse107,8008Zurich,Switzerland.
[email protected]
PedroFiaschi DepartamentodeBotaˆnica,CCB,UniversidadeFederaldeSanta
Catarina,CampusUniversita´rio–Trindade,88040-900
Floriano´polis,SantaCatarina,Brazil.
pedrofi[email protected]
KerryL.Gibbons RoyalBotanicGardensandDomainTrust,MrsMacquariesRd,
Sydney,NSW2000,Australia.
[email protected]
JenniferM.Hart SchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,Universityof
Sydney,Camperdown,NSW2006,Australia.
[email protected]
MurrayJ.Henwood SchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciences,Universityof
Sydney,Camperdown,NSW2006,Australia.
[email protected]
JoachimW.Kadereit Institutfu¨rOrganismischeundMolekulareEvolutionsbiologie,
JohannesGutenberg-Universita¨tMainz,55099Mainz,Germany.
[email protected]
EugeneV.Kljuykov BotanicalGarden,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,1-12
LeninskieGory,119991Moscow,Russia.
[email protected]
Byoung-YoonLee PlantResourcesDivision,NationalInstituteofBiological
Resources,Incheon404-708,RepublicofKorea.
[email protected]
ix
x ListofContributors
SigridLiede-Schumann UniversityofBayreuth,Universita¨tstraße30,95440Bayreuth,
Germany.
[email protected]
PorterP.LowryII MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO
63166-0299,USA
InstitutdeSyste´matique,E´volutionetBiodiversite´(ISYEB),
Unite´MixtedeRecherche7205,Muse´umnationald’Histoire
naturelle,SorbonneUniversite´s,CP39,57rueCuvier,75231
ParisCEDEX05,France.
[email protected]
UlrichMeve DepartmentofPlantSystematics,UniversityofBayreuth,
Universita¨tstraße30,95440Bayreuth,Germany.
[email protected]
DavidJ.Middleton SingaporeBotanicGardens,NationalParksBoard,1Cluny
Road,Singapore259569,Singapore.
[email protected]
AnthonyD.Mitchell UniversityofOtago,2RiccartonAvenue,P.O.Box4345,
Christchurch8140,NewZealand.
[email protected]
TimothyJ.Motley DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,OldDominionUniversity,
45thStreet,Norfolk,VA23529,USA
BernardMuckensturm 14rueSainte-Anne,98200Mulhouse,France
TatianaA.Ostroumova BotanicalGarden,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,1-12
LeninskieGory,119991Moscow,Russia.
[email protected]
MichaelG.Pimenov BotanicalGarden,LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,1-12
LeninskieGory,119991Moscow,Russia.
[email protected]
GregoryM.Plunkett CullmanProgramforMolecularSystematics,NewYork
BotanicalGarden,2900SouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY10458-5126,
USA.
[email protected]
MartinJ.Potgieter DepartmentofBiodiversity,UniversityofLimpopo,PrivateBag
X1106,Sovenga0727,SouthAfrica.
[email protected]
JamesS.Pringle RoyalBotanicalGardens,680PlainsRoadWest,Burlington,ON
L7T4H4,Canada.
[email protected]
Fa-DingPu ChengduInstituteofBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,
P.O.Box416,Chengdu,Sichuan610041,People’sRepublicof
China
Jean-PierreReduron ViaApia10ruedel’Arsenal,68100Mulhouse,France.
[email protected]
GeorgeE.Schatz MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO
63166-0299,USA.
[email protected]
ListofContributors xi
KrzysztofSpalik DepartmentofMolecularPhylogenetics&Evolution,Facultyof
Biology,UniversityofWarsawBiological&ChemicalResearch
Centre,101Z˙wirkiiWigurySt.,WarszawaPL-02-096,Poland.
[email protected]
LenaStruwe DepartmentofEcology,Evolution,&NaturalResources,
RutgersUniversity,237ForanHall,59DudleyRoad,New
Brunswick,NJ08901,USA.
[email protected]
PatriciaM.Tilney DepartmentofBotanyandPlantBiotechnology,Universityof
Johannesburg,P.O.Box524,AucklandPark2006Johannesburg,
SouthAfrica.
[email protected]
Ben-ErikvanWyk DepartmentofBotanyandPlantBiotechnology,Universityof
Johannesburg,P.O.Box524,AucklandPark2006Johannesburg,
SouthAfrica.
[email protected]
MarkF.Watson RoyalBotanicGardenEdinburgh,20aInverleithRow,
EdinburghEH35LR,UK.
[email protected]
ColinJ.Webb TertiaryEducationCommission,Wellington,NewZealand
JunWen DepartmentofBotany,NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,
MRC166,SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,DC20013-
7012,USA.
[email protected]
Qiu-Yun(Jenny)Xiang DepartmentofPlantandMicrobialBiology,NorthCarolina
StateUniversity,Raleigh,NC27695-7612,USA.
[email protected]
Introduction to the Orders of this Volume
V. BITTRICH AND J.W. KADEREIT
Thepresentvolumeofthisbookseriescompletes – Leaves simple orcompound, petiole usually sheath-
the treatment of the Asterids. Asterids are now ing at base; inflorescences or their ultimate units
contained in Vols. VI (Cornales, Ericales, 2004), often umbellate; petals usually shorter; stamen fila-
VII (Lamiales, 2004), VIII (Asterales, 2007), XIV ments inflexedin bud; stylodia 2–many, ovary infe-
(Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, rior; nectary on ovary roof; fruit a schizocarp or
Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Sola- drupaceous 5
nales, Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae, 5. Plantsherbaceous,rarelywoody;leavesmostlycom-
2016) and the present volume, which contains pound, rarely entire, usually membraneous; petals
the orders Apiales and Gentianales (except usuallyclawedandwithaninflexedtip;ovules2per
Rubiaceae). The only families of Asterids not locule,oneabortive;fruitusuallydryandschizocar-
treated in the series are Acanthaceae (Lamiales), pic Apiaceae
Convolvulaceae (Solanales) and Rubiaceae (Gen- – Plantsmostlyshrubsorsmalltrees;leavessimpleto
tianales). compound, usually subcoriaceous to coriaceous;
petals usually broadly inserted, rarely clawed, and
withoutinflexedtip;ovule1perlocule;fruitusually
drupaceous,rarelydryschizocarpic 6
CONSPECTUSOFTHEFAMILIESOFAPIALES
6. Calyx with evident lobes; sepals and petals 5, petal
apexwithoutpointedadaxialthickening,stamens5,
1. Plants without secretory canals; leaves simple; nec-
carpels2;fruitwithsecretoryvesicleslocatedimme-
taryabsentorpresent;fruitfleshy,1-seeded 2
diatelyadjacenttotheendocarp Myodocarpaceae
– Plantswithsecretorycanalsthroughout;leavessim-
– Calyxwithminutetoobscurelobes,oftenforminga
ple or composed; gynoecial nectary mostly present;
truncaterim;sepalsandpetals(3–)5(–12),petalapex
fruit fleshy or dry, sometimes schizocarpic, 1- to
with pointed adaxial thickening, stamens 5 (3–
many-seeded 4
numerous), carpels 2–5(–100+); fruit without secre-
2. Petiolenotsheathing;petalsvalvate;nectaryabsent;
toryvesicles Araliaceae
ovarysuperior,unilocular Pennantiaceae
– Petiole (cid:1) sheathing; petals (sub-)imbricate, rarely
induplicate-valvate;nectarypresentorabsent;ovary Seven families (about 522 genera, 6000 spp.) are
inferior,3-locularatleastinupperpart 3 currentlyincluded:Apiaceae(466/3820),Aralia-
3. Leaves distichous or subopposite, blade minutely ceae(40/1900),Griseliniaceae(1/7),Myodocar-
pellucid-punctate; ovary 3-locular above, 1-locular paceae (2 / 17), Pennantiaceae (1 / 4),
below Griseliniaceae Pittosporaceae (9 / 250) and Torricelliaceae (s.l.
– Leaves spiral, blade not punctate; ovary 3-locular ¼ incl. Aralidiaceae and Melanophyllaceae; 3 /
throughout Torricelliaceae 10). The phylogeny currently accepted is (Pen-
4. Leaves simple, petiole not sheathing at base; nantiaceae + (Torricelliaceae + (Griseliniaceae +
inflorescences not umbellate; petals 4–40 mm long; (Pittosporaceae + (Araliaceae + (Myodocarpa-
stamenfilamentsstraightinbud;stylesimple,ovary ceae+Apiaceae)))))).
superior; nectary at base of ovary (rarely absent); Few of the families now included in the
fruitacapsuleorberry,rarelywoodyindehiscent Apiales were placed in the order before data
Pittosporaceae from DNA sequencing became available. Undis-
puted were only Apiaceae + Araliaceae (see
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