Flooding Velocities in Liquid-Liquid Extraction Towers

157 Pages·03.898 MB·English

by  Roorda, John Francis, Jr

PURDUE UNIVERSITY
THIS IS TO CERTEFT THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MT SUPERVISION
JOHN FRANCIS ROORDA, JR.
BY
ENTITLED FLOODING VELOCITIES IN LIQUID-LIQUID
EXTRACTION TONERS
COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS ON GRADUATION THESES
AND IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
PROif^SSOR IN CHAHGE OF THESIS
çead of School or Department
August
19
TO THE LIBRARIAN;--
THIS THESIS IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS CONFIDENTIAL.
FKOFESSOR IN’ OBABGB
GKAD. SCHOOL FOBM S—3-49—IM

FLOODING VELOCITIES IN
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION TOYUERS
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty
of
Purdue University
by
John Francis Roorda, Jr,
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
August, 19i|-9
ProQuest Number: 27712197
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express his grateful ap­
preciation to Professor Dysart E. Holcomb, director of
this research, for constant assistance and suggestion of
a most helpful kind. Thanks are due also to the many
others who contributed to the success of this project by
discussion and by technical assistance; and to the Shell
Oil Company who contributed the oil employed in the course
of the research.
This study was made possible by a grant by the
Shell Fellowship Committee, through the Purdue Research
Foundation, and the author particularly wishes to thank
the Committee and the participating companies of the Shell
group for this fellowship.
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT...................................... i
I. INTRODUCTION................... 1
II. REVIEYiT OP THE LITERATURE....................... 3
III. .................................. 6
A. Statement of the Problem ......... 6
B. Method of Investigation .............. 6
C * Equipment................................... 7
1. Extraction Columns .......... 7
2. Interface Control ....... 13
3* Distributors ........................ 13
4 . Packing Supports .... ll{.
5* Manometer ......................... 15
6. Plow Measurement ........ l5
7# Temperature Measurement ............. l5
8 • Water Supply ............... 16
9. Oil Supply.................... 16
10 • Plow Control ...... 17
11. Packing Materials ............. 17
12. Density Measurement ........... 17
13. Interfacial Tension Measurement ...... I8
D • Fluid Materials I8
1. Oil ................................... 18
2. Water............. 19
3. Manometer Fluid ................. I9
TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
Pag©
E. Experimental Procedure ............ 19
1# Calibration of Rotameters ............ 19
2. Flooding Runs................. 20
3* Droplet Rise Rate Measurements ...... 25
i|.. Measurement of Packing Characteristics 25
P. Preliminary Findings ..................... 26
1. Column Construction ................. 26
2# Distributor Construction ........... 27
3. Droplet Characteristics in Packed
Columns....... 28
I4.. Heat Transfer in the Column Between
the Two Fluids .................... 26
G. Data....................................... 29
H.. Results ....................... 1{.6
1. Packing and Wall Effect Factors....... $0
2. Theory of Flooding ....... 65
3• Manometer Plots ................ 72
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................... 9I
APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY ....................... 93
APPENDIX B. NOMENCLATURE..................... 9i|.
APPENDIX C. PHYSICAL DBÎENSIONS ............. 95
APPEimiX D. FLUID PROPERTIES ................ 96
APPENDIX E. ROTAMETER CALIBRATIONS .......... 99
LITERATURE CITED.............................. 101
VITA........................................... 102
LISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES
List of Tables
Table
1* Liquid-Liquid Extraction Flooding Data •••* 30
2. Rat© of Ascent Data ................. k-7
3. Calculation of Packing Factor ............. ^6
Calculation of Wall Effect Factor........ 6l
5* Correlation of Packing Factors with Packing
Characteristics .................... 65
6. Physical Dimensions .............. 95
7. Specifications of Shell l50-Turbo-Raffinate ^6
8. Properties of Fluids .............. 97
9# Rotameter Calibration . 99
10. Rotameter Calibration .................... 100
List of Figures
Figure
1* Schematic Diagram of Equipment ......... 8
2. View of Main Part of Apparatus . . ... . .. 9
3# Six Inch Liquid-Liquid Extraction Tower
(Without Weir or Distributor) ....... 10
ij-. Distributors Employed in Flooding Velocity
Studies ..... « 11
5» Flooding Velocities .................. 1^9
6. Transformed Flooding Velocity Data........ 51
List of Figures (Continued)
Figure Page
7- Effect of Relative Packing Size on
Flooding ................... 53
.
8 Relation of Packing Factor to Packing
Diameter ......................... 58
9. Relation of Wall Effect Factor to Relative
Packing Size .................... 59
.
10 General Correlation of All Flooding Data • 62
.
11 Relation Between Combined Flooding Factors
and Packing Characteri sti c s . . .. . . 64
.
12 Droplet Ascent Rate .................. 68
13. Loss of Droplet Ascent Rate by Hindering . 70
34. Spray Flooding Curve from Droplet Ascent
Rates ........................ . 73
15. Manometer Differential, Ij. Column, Spray
Operation ........ 75
1.
6 Manometer Differential, Column, 2"
Raschig Rings ....... 76
17. Manometer Differential, ij. Column, 1 l/2*^
Raschig Rings ...... 77
.
18 Manometer Differential, i}. Column, 1"
RascMg Rings .... 78
19. Manometer Differential, !{. Column, 3/Ij-”
Raschig Rings ...... 79
.
20 Manometer Differential, Ij. Column, 1/2”
Raschig Rings .... 80
.
21 Manometer Differential, 6 Column, Spray
Operation .......... 81
.
22 Manometer Differential, 6 Column, 2”
Raschig Rings ...... 82
List of Figures (Continued)
Figure Pag©
23. Manometer Differential, 6” Column, 11/2"
Raschig Rings ..... 83
24. Manometer Differential, 6" Column, 1"
Raschig Rings .... 84
25. Manometer Differential, 6” Column, 3/4"
Raschig Rings ..... 85
26. Manometer Differential, 6” Column, 1/2"
Raschig Rings ..... 86
27. Manometer Differential, 2” Column, 1"
Raschig Rings ..... 87
28. Manometer Differential, 2” Column, 3/4"
Raschig Rings .... 88
29. Manometer Differential, 2” Column, 1/2"
Raschig Rings .... 89
30. Manometer Differential, 2” Column, Spray
Operation ........ 90
31. Effect of Temperature on Physical Proper­
ties Correction Factor ......... 98