Flexible energy conversion and storage devices

501 Pages·2018·21.939 MB·English

by  Dai, Liming, Zhi, Chunyi

FlexibleEnergyConversion
andStorageDevices
Flexible Energy Conversion
and Storage Devices
EditedbyChunyiZhiandLimingDai
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 FlexibleAll-Solid-StateSupercapacitorsandMicro-Pattern
Supercapacitors 1
YuqingLiu,ChenZhao,ShayanSeyedin,JoselitoRazal,andJunChen
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 PotentialComponentsandDeviceArchitectureforFlexible
Supercapacitors 4
1.2.1 FlexibleElectrodeMaterials 5
1.2.1.1 CarbonMaterials 5
1.2.1.2 ConductingPolymers 6
1.2.1.3 CompositeMaterials 7
1.2.2 Solid-StateElectrolytes 7
1.2.3 DeviceArchitectureofFlexibleSupercapacitor 8
1.3 FlexibleSupercapacitorDeviceswithSandwichedStructures 10
1.3.1 FreestandingFilmsBasedFlexibleDevices 10
1.3.2 FlexibleSubstrateSupportedElectrodesBasedDevices 14
1.4 FlexibleMicro-SupercapacitorDeviceswithInterdigitated
Architecture 18
1.4.1 InsituSynthesisofActiveMaterialsonPre-PatternedSurfaces 18
1.4.2 DirectPrintingofActiveMaterials 21
1.4.3 PatterningofWell-DevelopedFilmElectrodes 24
1.5 PerformanceEvaluationandPotentialApplicationofFlexible
Supercapacitors 27
1.5.1 PerformanceEvaluationofFlexibleSupercapacitors 28
1.5.2 IntegrationofFlexibleSupercapacitors 29
1.6 ConclusionsandPerspectives 32
References 32
2 Fiber/Yarn-BasedFlexibleSupercapacitor 37
YangHuangandChunyiZhi
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 SupercapacitorwithIntrinsicConductiveFiber/Yarn 40
2.2.1 CarbolicFiber/Yarn-BasedSupercapacitor 41
2.2.2 MetallicFiber/Yarn-BasedSupercapacitor 44
vi Contents
2.2.3 HybridConductiveFiber/Yarn-BasedSupercapacitor 48
2.3 SupercapacitorswithIntrinsicNonconductiveFiber/Yarn 51
2.3.1 Fiber/YarnModifiedbyCarbonMaterials 52
2.3.2 Fiber/YarnModifiedbyMetallicMaterials 54
2.4 IntegratedElectronicTextiles 57
2.5 ConclusionandOutlook 61
References 62
3 FlexibleLithiumIonBatteries 67
XuliChenandYingyingMa
3.1 OverviewofLithiumIonBattery 67
3.1.1 GeneralPrinciple 67
3.1.2 Cathode 70
3.1.2.1 LiCoO withLayeredStructure 70
2
3.1.2.2 LiMn O withaSpinelStructure 70
2 4
3.1.2.3 LiFePO withanOlivineStructure 70
4
3.1.3 Anode 71
3.1.3.1 CarbonaceousAnodes 71
3.1.3.2 MetalAlloyAnodes 71
3.1.4 Electrolyte 72
3.2 Planar-ShapedFlexibleLithiumIonBatteries 73
3.2.1 BendablePlanarLithiumIonBatteries 73
3.2.1.1 BendableCarbon-BasedPlanarLithiumIonBattery 73
3.2.1.2 ThinMetalMaterial-BasedLithiumIonBattery 77
3.2.1.3 Polymer-BasedLithiumIonBattery 79
3.2.1.4 SpecialStructuralDesign-BasedFlexibleLithium–IonBattery 82
3.2.2 StretchablePlanarFlexibleLithiumIonBatteries 84
3.3 Fiber-ShapedFlexibleLithiumIonBatteries 87
3.3.1 BendableFiber-ShapedLithiumIonBattery 87
3.3.2 StretchableFiber-ShapedLithiumIonBattery 93
3.4 Perspective 94
References 95
4 FlexibleSodiumIonBatteries:FromMaterialstoDevices 97
ShengyangDong,PingNie,andXiaogangZhang
4.1 IntroductiontoFlexibleSodiumIonBatteries(SIBs) 97
4.2 TheKeyScientificIssuesofFlexibleSIBs 98
4.2.1 DesignofAdvancedActive-Materials 99
4.2.2 DesignofFlexibleSubstratesandElectrodes 99
4.2.3 DevelopingNovelProcessingTechnologies 101
4.3 DesignofAdvancedMaterialsforFlexibleSIBs 101
4.3.1 InorganicAnodeMaterialsforFlexibleSIBs 101
4.3.2 InorganicCathodeMaterialsforFlexibleSIBs 110
4.3.3 OrganicMaterialsforFlexibleSIBs 114
4.3.4 OtherMajorComponentsforFlexibleSIBs(Electrolyte,Separators,
etc.) 115
4.4 DesignofFullCellforFlexibleSIBs 117
Contents vii
4.5 SummaryandOutlook 121
References 123
5 1Dand2DFlexibleCarbonMatrixMaterialsforLithium–Sulfur
Batteries 127
TianyiWang,YushuLiu,DaweiSu,andGuoxiuWang
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 TheWorkingMechanismandChallengesofLi–SBatteries 128
5.3 FlexibleCathodeHostsforLithium–SulfurBatteries 129
5.4 ElectrolyteMembranesforFlexibleLi–SBatteries 138
5.4.1 SolidPolymerElectrolytesforFlexibleLi–SBatteries 139
5.4.2 GelPolymerElectrolytesforFlexibleLi–SBatteries 142
5.4.3 CompositePolymerElectrolytesforFlexibleLi–SBatteries 143
5.5 SeparatorforFlexibleLi–SBatteries 144
5.6 Summary 148
References 149
6 FlexibleElectrodesforLithium–SulfurBatteries 155
Jia-QiHuang,MengZhao,RuiXu,andQiangZhang
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Lithium–SulfurBatteryandFlexibleCathode 156
6.2.1 Lithium–SulfurBattery 156
6.2.2 FlexibleCathodeforLithium–SulfurBattery 156
6.3 TheFlexibleCathodeofLithium–SulfurBattery 157
6.3.1 FlexibleCathodeBasedonOne-dimensionalMaterials 157
6.3.1.1 FlexibleCathodeBasedonCNTs 157
6.3.1.2 FlexibleCathodeBasedonCarbonNanofibers 163
6.3.1.3 FlexibleCathodeBasedonPolymerFibers 166
6.3.2 FlexibleCathodeBasedonTwo-dimensionalMaterials 167
6.3.2.1 FlexibleCathodeBasedonGraphenePaper 167
6.3.2.2 FlexibleCathodeBasedonGrapheneFoam 169
6.3.3 FlexibleCathodeBasedonThree-dimensionalMaterials 172
6.3.3.1 FlexibleCathodeBasedonThree-dimensionalCarbonFoam
Materials 172
6.3.3.2 FlexibleCathodeBasedonCarbon/BinderCompositesMaterials 174
6.3.3.3 FlexibleCathodeBasedonThree-dimensionalMetalMaterials 176
6.4 SummaryandProspect 177
References 178
7 FlexibleLithium–AirBatteries 183
Qing-ChaoLiu,Zhi-WenChang,KaiChen,andXin-BoZhang
7.1 MotivationfortheDevelopmentofFlexibleLithium–Air
Batteries 183
7.2 StateoftheArtforFlexibleLithium–AirBatteries 184
7.2.1 OverviewofFlexibleEnergyStorageandConversionDevices 184
7.2.2 OverviewofFlexibleLithium–AirBatteries 185
viii Contents
7.2.2.1 SimilaritiesBetweenCoinCell/SwagelokBatterieswithFlexible
Battery 187
7.2.2.2 DifferencesBetweenCoinCell/SwagelokBatterieswithFlexible
Battery 188
7.2.3 CurrentStatusofFlexibleLithium–AirBattery 190
7.2.3.1 PlanarBattery 190
7.2.3.2 Cable-typeBattery 199
7.2.3.3 Woven-typeBatteryPack 202
7.2.3.4 BatteryArrayPack 203
7.3 ChallengesandFutureWorkonFlexibleLithium–AirBatteries 206
7.4 ConcludingRemarks 207
References 208
8 NanodielectricElastomersforFlexibleGenerators 215
Li-JuanYinandZhi-MinDang
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Electro-MechanicalPrinciples 216
8.2.1 Electro-MechanicalConversion 216
8.2.2 EquationsofDEGenerators 217
8.3 IncreasingthePerformanceofDielectricElastomersfromthe
MaterialsPerspective 218
8.3.1 IncreasingtheRelativePermittivityofDEs 219
8.3.1.1 ElastomerComposites 219
8.3.1.2 ElastomerBlends 222
8.3.1.3 ChemicalModification 223
8.3.2 DecreasingYoung’sModulus 225
8.3.3 ComplexNetworkStructure 225
8.4 CircuitsandElectro-MechanicalCouplingMethods 227
8.5 ExamplesofDielectricElastomerGenerators 230
8.6 ConclusionandOutlook 231
Acknowledgments 232
References 232
9 FlexibleDye-SensitizedSolarCells 239
Byung-ManKim,Hyun-GyuHan,Deok-HoRoh,JunhyeokPark,
KwangMinKim,Un-YoungKim,andTae-HyukKwon
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 MaterialsandFabricationofElectrodesforFDSCs 242
9.2.1 Photo-electrode 242
9.2.1.1 FlexibleSubstrateforPhoto-electrode 242
9.2.1.2 Nanostructured-photoactiveFilm 243
9.2.1.3 Fiber-typeFDSCs 249
9.2.2 Counter-electrode 251
9.3 SensitizersinFDSCsandThinPhotoactiveFilmDSCs 254
9.3.1 State-of-the-ArtReviewofSensitizersinFDSCs 254
9.3.2 SensitizersinThinPhotoactiveFilmDSCs 258
9.4 ElectrolyteandHole-TransportingMaterialsforFDSCs 270
Contents ix
9.5 ConclusionandOutlook 276
References 278
10 Self-assemblyinFabricationofSemitransparentand
Meso–PlanarHybridPerovskitePhotovoltaicDevices 283
RaviK.Misra,SigalitAharon,MichaelLayani,ShlomoMagdassi,andLiozEtgar
10.1 Introduction 283
10.1.1 SemitransparentPerovskiteSolarCellsThroughSelf-assemblyof
PerovskiteinOneStep 285
10.1.1.1 CellArchitectureandMorphology 286
10.1.1.2 TransparencyandPhotovoltaicPerformanceoftheCells 288
10.1.1.3 RecombinationBehavioroftheChargesinCells 291
10.1.2 Mesoporous–PlanarHybridPerovskiteDevicesThrough
Mesh-assistedSelf-assemblyofMesoporous-TiO 292
2
10.1.2.1 CellArchitectureandMorphology 293
10.1.2.2 PhotovoltaicPerformanceoftheSolarCells 297
10.1.2.3 StudyofRecombinationBehaviorThroughChargeExtraction 300
10.2 SummaryandFuturePerspective 302
References 302
11 FlexibleOrganicSolarCells 305
LinHu,YouyuJiang,andYinhuaZhou
11.1 Introduction 305
11.1.1 WorkingPrinciple 306
11.1.2 PerformanceCharacterizationofOSCs 307
11.1.3 DeviceStructure 308
11.1.3.1 ConventionalDeviceStructure 308
11.1.3.2 InvertedDeviceStructure 308
11.2 ActiveLayer 308
11.2.1 DonorMaterials 310
11.2.1.1 Poly(Phenylenevinylene)(PPV)andPolythiophene(PT)
Derivatives 310
11.2.1.2 D–AConjugatedPolymers 311
11.2.2 AcceptorMaterials 313
11.2.2.1 FullereneDerivatives 313
11.2.2.2 Non-fullereneAcceptors 315
11.3 FlexibleElectrode 317
11.3.1 ConductivePolymer(PEDOT:PSS) 317
11.3.2 MetalNanowiresandGrids 318
11.3.3 HybridCarbonMaterial 319
11.4 InterfacialLayer 320
11.4.1 HoleTransportingLayer(HTL) 320
11.4.2 ElectronTransportingLayer(ETL) 320
11.5 TandemOrganicSolarCells 321
11.5.1 InterconnectingLayer 322
11.5.2 LowBandgapPolymerSub-cell 324
11.6 FabricationTechnologyforFlexibleOrganicSolarCells 326
x Contents
11.7 Summary 328
References 329
12 FlexibleQuantumDotSensitizedSolarCells 339
YueliLiu,KeqiangChen,ZhuoyinPeng,andWenChen
12.1 Introduction 339
12.2 BasicConcepts 340
12.2.1 QuantumDots(QDs) 340
12.2.1.1 QuantumSizeEffect 341
12.2.1.2 MultipleExcitonGeneration 341
12.2.1.3 UltrafastElectronTransfer 342
12.2.1.4 LargeSpecificSurfaceArea 343
12.2.2 QuantumDotsSensitizedSolarCells(QDSSCs) 344
12.2.2.1 SchematicoftheStructureandChargeCirculationofQDSSCs 344
12.2.2.2 EvaluationofthePhotovoltaicPerformancesofQDSSCs 345
12.3 DevelopmentoftheFlexibleQDSSCs 347
12.3.1 ChoosingoftheTypesofQDs 347
12.3.1.1 Cd-basedQDs 347
12.3.1.2 Pb-basedQDs 348
12.3.1.3 Cu-basedQDs 349
12.3.2 FabricationoftheFlexiblePhoto-anodeFilms 350
12.3.3 TiO -BasedPhoto-anodes 351
2
12.3.3.1 Photo-anodesofTiO Nanoparticles 351
2
12.3.3.2 Photo-anodesofTiO NanoarrayStructures 352
2
12.3.3.3 DesigningofNovelTiO ArchitectureasPhoto-anodes 354
2
12.3.4 ZnObasedPhoto-anodes 354
12.3.5 OtherMetalOxideBasedPhoto-anodes 355
12.3.6 DevelopmentoftheSensitizationMethod 355
12.3.6.1 InsituSensitizationTechniques 356
12.3.6.2 ExsituTechniques 358
12.3.6.3 Co-sensitizationTechniques 360
12.3.7 InterfacialEngineeringinQDSSCs 360
12.3.7.1 SurfacePassivationbyLarge-bandgapSemiconductors 361
12.3.7.2 SurfacePassivationbyMetalOxides 361
12.3.7.3 SurfacePassivationbyMolecularDipoles 362
12.3.7.4 SurfacePassivationbyDyeMolecules 362
12.3.7.5 SurfacePassivationbyMolecularRelays 362
12.3.7.6 CombinedInterfacialEngineeringMethods 363
12.3.8 OptimizationoftheCounterElectrodes 363
12.3.8.1 NobleMetalCounterElectrodes 365
12.3.8.2 CarbonCounterElectrodes 365
12.3.8.3 MetallicCompoundCounterElectrodes 366
12.3.8.4 PolymerCounterElectrodes 370
12.4 ConclusionandFutureOutlook 370