Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and

40 Pages·2016·0.8 MB·English

doi:10.5477/cis/reis.155.113
Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and
Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and
Mediterranean Fishing Grounds of Andalusia
Redes entre dos mares: cofradías y armadores en los caladeros atlántico y
mediterráneo de Andalucía
Isidro Maya Jariego, Daniel Holgado, David Florido del Corral
and Inmaculada Martínez de Alba
Key words Abstract
Social Network This study examines the organizational network of the extractive sector
Analysis in Andalusian fishing enclaves. For this, we have evaluated 6 types of
• Professional informal and institutional relationships between a total of 30 guilds and
Associations ship-owner associations in 21 Andalusian fishing ports. The analyzed
• Work Organization networks were found to have a core-periphery structure with the guilds
• Fishing Industry playing a central role. The QAP procedure was used to identify two
distinct contexts of relationship formation: informal meetings and the
government fishing network (corresponding to formal meetings, such as
fishing tables, port assemblies and fishing quota negotiations). We
verified the existence of significant homophily dynamics based on both
fishing ground and organization type.
Palabras clave Resumen
Análisis de redes Describimos la red organizativa del sector extractivo en los enclaves
sociales pesqueros andaluces. Para ello evaluamos 6 tipos de relaciones
• Asociaciones informales e institucionales entre 30 cofradías y asociaciones de
profesionales armadores de 21 puertos pesqueros de Andalucía. Las redes analizadas
• Organización del responden a una estructura centro-periferia, con un rol central de las
trabajo cofradías. Con el procedimiento QAP diferenciamos dos contextos para
• Sector pesquero la formación de relaciones: los encuentros informales y la red de gestión
de asuntos pesqueros, que se corresponde con encuentros formales,
tales como las mesas de pesca, las asambleas de puerto o la
negociación de cuotas pesqueras. Comprobamos la existencia de
dinámicas de homofilia por caladero de pesca y por tipo de
organización.
Citation
Maya-Jariego, Isidro; Holgado, Daniel; Florido del Corral, David and Martínez de Alba, Inmaculada
(2016). “Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and
Mediterranean Fishing Grounds of Andalusia”. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas,
155: 113-132.
(http://dx.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.155.113)
Isidro Maya Jariego: Universidad de Sevilla | [email protected]
Daniel Holgado: Universidad de Sevilla | [email protected]
David Florido del Corral: Universidad de Sevilla | [email protected]
Inmaculada Martínez de Alba: Universidad de Sevilla | [email protected]
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
114 Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean…
IntroductIon1 and solidarity between relevant actors. Fis-
hermen act independently, failing to commu-
The governance of natural resources and, nicate, and collaboration capacity is lost
hence, the understanding of socio-ecological (Jentoft, 2000).
systems have been of great interest over re-
On the other hand, fishing licenses and
cent years (Alegret, 2002; Berkes and Folke,
fees are regulations that tend to be establis-
1998; Berkes, Colding and Folke, 2003;
hed with a top-down model, from the public
Carlsson and Berkes, 2005; Sanz López and
administrations to the actors that are directly
Torres Rodríguez, 2006). Concern over the
implicated in the resource exploitation (Folke
social dimension of sustainability has been
et al., 2005; Bodin and Crona, 2009), and
expressed, for example, by the study of sha-
they may involve a process of stratification of
re capital in watersheds, fishing areas and
the community contexts associated with the
natural parks (Grafton, 2005; Pretty, 2003).
port, as they offer the opportunity to some
Among other social factors, communication
members in better initial positions to accu-
patterns (Crona and Bodin, 2006), leadership
mulate additional power. In this way, fishing
forms (Crona and Bodin, 2010), community
activity acquires a utilitarian and social diffe-
participation (Jentoft, 2000; Pomeroy and
rentiation value. Thus, the government parti-
Berkes, 1998; Suárez de Vivero, Rodríguez
cipating in fishing resources finds a return of
Mateos and Florido del Corral, 2008), organi-
autonomy to local contexts, empowering
zational capacities (Folke et al., 2005), and
social agents and involving the community in
the influence of formal and informal relation-
sector regulation, recognizing the traditional
ships between key actors (Bodin, Crona and
nature and cultural ties of the same (Jentoft,
Ernston, 2006; Prell et al., 2010) have been
2000).
considered.
Along the Andalusian coastlines, since
In the specific case of fishing resource
the year 2000, modifications have been
management, research has tended to focus
made in fishing management that have affec-
on participatory and sustainable methods of
ted the relationship between the administra-
governance (Carlson and Berkes, 2005; Carl-
tion and the sector’s representative organiza-
son and Sandström, 2008; Suárez de Vivero
tions. These modifications relate to the
and Martínez Alba, 2002; Suárez de Vivero,
growing importance of environmental criteria
Martínez Alba and Feria Domínguez, 2005).
in fishing policy, as defined by the European
Co-management models have been created
area in the Common Fisheries Policy, an im-
in response to the overuse of fishing resour-
portant framework for national and regional
ces and the strengthening of small artisanal
governments. On the one hand, fishing plans
fisheries (Chakalall and Cochrane, 2007;
have been implemented based on modalities
García del Hoyo, 2001; Florido del Corral,
(Florido, 2007). These fishing plans establish
2003; Florido del Corral 2008). Overfishing
the technical conditions for each large type
appears precisely when there is an erosion of
of fishery (trawling, seine, small gear or lon-
the rules regarding moderation, prudence
gline), or for fisheries defined based on their
objective species (for example, Bluefin tuna,
beltfish, sea bream or saltwater clams), in
1 This study forms a part of the project “Dinamización specific fishing grounds. The adopted mea-
de los enclaves pesqueros en el sistema portuario anda-
sures include boating censuses (fishing li-
luz. Usos económicos, gobernanza y patrimonialización”
(Stimulation of fishing sites in the Andalusian port sys- censes), regulations on fishing effort and ty-
tem. Economic uses, governance and cultural heritage) pes of authorized gear. Fishing plans may
(2013-2015) (CP-2043/0073, GGI3001IDI0), funded by
result from state (given that the central admi-
the Commission of Development and Housing of the
Regional Government of Andalusia. nistration regulates fishing activity in the so-
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
Isidro Maya Jariego, Daniel Holgado, David Florido del Corral and Inmaculada Martínez de Alba 115
called external waters) or regional initiatives Sandström and Rova, 2010b). The position
(since the Andalusian autonomous govern- and prominence of the key actors, on the one
ment regulates fishing activity in its internal hand, and the structure of the current rela-
waters and has authority over the develop- tionships between the interested parties, on
ment of fishing legislation). Within this same the other hand, are the two topics that have
framework, the biological rest periods for initially received the most attention (Varanda
certain fisheries and during limited periods of and Iniesta, 2014). When identifying the most
time have become a frequent management relevant actors, it is common to combine the
measure, which supports the political arena ARS with stakeholder analysis (Bodin and
of the representative entities. Crona, 2008; Marín and Berkes, 2010), while
the assessment of power structures normally
On the other hand, we find that commu-
aims to determine or promote the most effec-
nity resources are being subjected to Total
tive co-management methods in the conser-
Allowable Catches in the distinct fishing
vation of natural resources (Prell et al., 2010;
grounds, forcing the establishment of fishing
Crona and Bodin, 2010). The distribution of
quotas distribution systems between states
individual centrality as the structure of collec-
and, within the fishing grounds or areas of
tive relationships has a decisive impact on
these, between the different vessels operat-
the circulation of the knowledge necessary
ing in them. Finally, the representative enti-
for fishing activities (Crona and Bodin, 2006),
ties also participate in the negotiations pro-
as well as on leadership dynamics and the
cesses of the fisheries agreements, such as
generation of share capital in the sector (Bo-
those referring to fishing in non-member
din and Crona, 2008; Gutiérrez, Hilborn, and
country waters or the discussions of the
Defeo, 2011).
most recent reform of the Common Fisheries
Policy (2014)2. Within this framework, the The structural perspective is effective in
competent administrations convoke sector describing the informal relationships bet-
agencies to transmit the objectives and tools ween fishermen, ship-owners and other rele-
to be implemented and to negotiate how vant port figures (Sandström and Rova,
these measures may affect each vessel. The 2010b) in the assessment of the adaptive
leading dynamic in the decision-making pro- capacity of the socio-ecological context (Bo-
cess corresponds to a top-down model din and Crona, 2009; Hartley, 2010), and in
when the representatives of the affected ves- the implementation of participatory govern-
sels are convened at an advisory level. ment systems for the natural resources
(Carlsson and Sandström, 2008; Sandström,
Crona and Bodin, 2013). As in other areas of
AnAlysIs of fIshery governAnce study, in the governance networks, results
networks appear to depend on the type of balance
existing between the degree of cohesion of
The analysis of the social networks (ARS) has
the subgroups and the articulation of the set.
recently presented a fundamental tool in the
For example, in a fishing zone of Sweden,
study of participatory management of fishing
density and centralization are associated
resources (Bodin and Crona, 2009; Newig,
with adhesion to shared norms of marine re-
Günther and Pahl-Wostl, 2010; Marín and
source exploitation, while the heterogeneity
Berkes, 2010; Sandström and Rova, 2010a;
of the network facilitates methods of functio-
nal ecological knowledge exchange (Sands-
tröm and Rova, 2010a).
2 Regulation [EU] No 1380/2013 of the European Parlia-
One of the dynamics that contributes to
ment and of the Council, of 11 December 2013 on the
PCP, entering into force in January 2014. the creation of cohesive structures is homo-
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
116 Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean…
phily: this is the tendency to form relations- ral complexity that transcends the purely
hips with other individuals (or organizations) economic aspects (Cáceres and Corbacho,
with which there are shared attributes. For 2013; Florido del Corral, 2008; López Cano
example, in Baja California Sur (Mexico) fis- and Santiago Ruíz, 1995). Fisherman guilds
hermen tend to share information on fish are traditional organizations having great so-
banks between countrymen (those sharing cial projection in the areas where they are
the same birthplace), or between other sea- located. And the fishing ports that are based
sonal workers (those sharing the immigrant (in distinct degrees) on the urban context,
experience) (Ramírez-Sánchez, 2011). This house valuable heritage resources and are a
local homophily contributes to the creation of structuring element for social, economic and
homogenous groups –having a high intra- ritual activity in the coastal areas.
group density-, coordinating their actions in Fishing enclaves in Andalusia are distri-
an efficient manner and developing a strong buted across two grounds, the Atlantic and
sense of pride and identity. the Mediterranean, separated by the Strait of
However, the counterpoint to high local Gibraltar. There is a clear differentiation bet-
integration may be the fragmentation of the ween one fleet which has a considerably hig-
network, if at the same time, articulation ele- her level of industrialization (with a greater
ments of the different groups are not inclu- presence in the Atlantic), and another fleet
ded (Crona and Bodin, 2006). Therefore, me- that is more coastal-based and traditional
diating organizations are quite relevant since (predominating in the Mediterranean). The
they may serve as links to the public institu- former adopts more stratified labor organiza-
tions and facilitate the exchange of ecologi- tion forms, with a higher level of mechaniza-
cal knowledge (Berkes, 2009; Folke et al., tion of the extractive tasks, a greater link with
2005). These entities form network bridges, transformation industries and a higher level
generating share capital based on the link of preparation for captures at high sea, due
between distinct groups (Gould and Fernán- to its close link with broad range commercial
dez, 1989; Varanda and Iniesta, 2014). The networks. On the other hand, the more tradi-
same may be said for the key individuals, tional fleets tend to be of a lower level in
having high indicators of centrality and inter- terms of technology and production, despite
mediation (Bodin and Crona, 2011). having a greater number of boars. In this lat-
ter case, it is less common to find a clear
hierarchical structure between the crew, the
P
ArtIcIPAtIon And orgAnIzAtIons captain and the ship-owner, and often there
A
wIthIn the ndAlusIAn fIshIng are numerous family and neighbor ties. Tra-
sector
Over recent decades, fishing has lost some
force in both economic and labor terms, as
of Farming and Fishing Management of the Directorate
compared to other productive activities such General of Fisheries and Agriculture of the Regional Go-
as industry and services, both in Andalusia vernment of Andalusia (directed by Antonio Galisteo and
Félix González). This tool serves to determine the relati-
and across Spain. However, fishing activity in
ve weight of the extractive fishing and the activities as-
Andalusia continues to be of major economic sociated with the regional GDP. In 2013, the relative
value (Moreno and Delgado, 2013) although weight of the extractive fishing and other associated
activities (transformation, frozen fish, aquaculture, com-
very localized3, and it has a social and cultu-
mercialization) was of 0.22%, although in some coastal
areas it reached 20%. It is possible to consult both the
methodology and results at: <http://www.juntadeanda-
lucia.es/agriculturaypesca/portal/servicios/estadisticas/
3 See the periodic publications from the Cuenta Saté- estadisticas/pesqueras/publicaciones/valor_pesca_an-
lite de la Pesca, written by the work team of the Agency dalucia.html> (March 7, 2015).
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
Isidro Maya Jariego, Daniel Holgado, David Florido del Corral and Inmaculada Martínez de Alba 117
ditional fishing maintains continuity with the sized ports with polarized representative-
traditional fishing communities, offering bet- ness, (3) large ports with complex associati-
ter work opportunities than the large indus- ve systems and (4) ports centered on
trial fleets and it includes a broad diversity of commercialization entities. The first include
fishing gear. Accordingly, it is characterized ports such as Conil and Tarifa, based around
by a wide variety of captured species and a traditional fishing fleets, in which guilds play
clear adaptation to the local ecological con- a central role, and which tend to be conces-
text (Florido del Corral, 2008). In short, the sionaries of the fish markets or ice factories.
two fishing grounds may roughly represent In medium-sized ports such as Isla Cristina
the tension between a more intense exploita- or Punta Umbría, participation tends to be
tion of fishing resources, in which economic distributed between guilds and ship-owners
and productivity interests dominate, and a that compete for sector representativeness
more traditional fleet having greater ties to and on occasion, for the fish market mana-
gement. In more complex ports such as Al-
the local economy and the port of reference4
geciras, guilds play a less significant role,
(Florido del Corral, 2003).
and in some cases, there is the presence of
Thus, participation in the fishing sector is
a trade union, although usually with little re-
channeled through specific organizations
percussions in the sector. Finally, there are
that maintain strong links with the local con-
cases in which the commercial fishing
text –the port-, together with a poor regional
functions predominate, such as in the ports
integration with the Andalusian collective
of Roquetas, Chipiona and Rota.
(Ruiz and Valcuende, 2001). In fact, as indi-
As we have noted, participation of the key
cated in the case of Catalonia, organizational
participants is fundamental in effective go-
diversity responds in part to the geographic
vernance of the fishing resources (Jentoft,
specificity of each fishing type, with its asso-
1989), and a lack of the same is one of the
ciated roles and activities (Alegret, 1999). In
causes of problems in state control of fishing
Andalusia, the organizations having the most
management and the international crisis in
influence in the sector are the fisherman
fisheries (Cochrane, 1999). To offer continui-
guilds and the ship-owner associations,
ty to these prior studies, this work includes
more so than production organizations and
an analysis of the multiple relationships exis-
corporations, trade unions or other entities
ting between the set of guilds and ship-ow-
(Ruiz and Valcuende, 2001). Guilds and ship-
ner associations in Andalusia that make up
owner associations exist in a polarized space
its fishing sector. Specifically, we evaluate
having poor regional articulation and weak
homophily based on organization type (guilds
links with the administration. This is especia-
versus ship-owner associations) and fishing
lly apparent in their poor integration with the
grounds (Atlantic versus Mediterranean). We
European area.
also attempt to identify which organizations
In any case, the methods of participation play a mediation and articulation role in the
depend in great part on the type of port. Ruiz sector at a regional level.
and Valcuende (2001) created a typology for
Andalusia in which they distinguished (1)
M
pots articulated around a guild, (2) medium- ethodology
Participants
4 European policy is strengthening this fishing modality In this study, we have included 30 guilds and
through recent policy documents, such as the Reform
ship-owner associations from 21 fishing
of Common Fisheries Policy which went into force in
January of 2014. ports in Andalusia (see Table 1). These two
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
118 Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean…
organization types were selected based on 2. Personal relationships between organiza-
their representativeness and their key role in tion members: informal personal contact
the management and exploitation of fishing between members of the organizations
resources in the region. For each of these, we on the list.
interviewed a representative who was selec- 3. Collective participation in events and mee-
ted based on experience and the position tings relationship: coinciding and partici-
held with the entity. In the majority of the ca- pating collectively in informative sessions,
ses, it was a captain or secretary of the guild business meetings, guild sessions, com-
and the president or manager of the ship- mon social spaces in the port, etc.
owner association.
4. Fishing affairs management relationship:
formal contacts for port management
Table 1. D istribution of organizations based on
tasks such as participation in fishing ta-
type and ground
bles, assemblies, chapter meetings, port
meetings, fishing agreement negotia-
Ship-
Guilds TOTAL
owners tions, alliances to defend fishing inter-
ests, etc.
Atlantic 7 8 15
5. Valence relationship: score or assessment
of the relationships of the organization
Mediterranean 10 5 15
with the other guilds and ship-owner as-
TOTAL 17 13 30 sociations on the list.
6. Valence relationship with other organiza-
tions: score or assessment of the rela-
tionships of the organization with some
Six organizations were excluded (4 from
other 54 fishing sector organizations:
the Atlantic and 2 from the Mediterranean, in
OPPs and APPs, GDPs, public adminis-
all cases, ship-owner associations) due to
trations, federations, merchants. This
the fact that they were either non-operational
question led to the creation of a 2-mode
or were in the process of dissolution at the
matrix which was analyzed as such.
time of the interview.
In the first four cases, the relationship
Relationship types
was dichotomous, while in the last two, the
The obtained information focuses on the re- interviewers had to assess the relationship
lationships existing between the set of orga- with the other organizations based on a sca-
nizations that were interviewed. Specifically, le of -4 to 4.
four types of basic relationships were analy- In each interview, the organization repre-
zed for the organizations (from the most in- sentative was presented with a listing of the
formal contacts to formal and institutionali- other 29 surveyed organizations (guilds and
ship-owner associations) and a listing of the
zed links), as well as two valence relationships
other 54 organizations (the other entities).
based on the weight given by the inter-
The interviewee had to indicate (based on
viewees to the relationship with other organi-
this list and for each type of relationship) the
zations:
presence/absence or assessment of the re-
1. Recognition relationship: the responsible lationship with each of these organizations.
party from the interviewed organization Based on the information from the first
recognizes the other organizations on the four relationships (recognition, personal rela-
list. tionships, collective participation and mana-
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
Isidro Maya Jariego, Daniel Holgado, David Florido del Corral and Inmaculada Martínez de Alba 119
gement), another additional matrix was cal- The grouping of the nodes based on the
culated, based on the sum of the value of the backbone method allows us to identity two
relationship between organization pairs. central communities – that of the guilds from
Then, this matrix was transformed in a di- Cadiz and Malaga, on the one hand, and that
chotomous manner, leaving only the relation- of the ship-owners of Huelva, on the other
ships that implied the coincidence of a link hand- and a small peripheral group of guilds
between each pair of organizations in the from Almeria. In the space of friction and in-
four mentioned relationships. termediation of the two central cores, three
To obtain the structural indicators of cen- actors are found to have a greater influence
trality, cohesion, homophily and prominence on sector articulation: the guilds of Conil,
of the obtained networks, we used UCINET Tarifa and Punta Umbría. Finally, it is interest-
6 (Borgatti, Everett and Freeman, 2002), whi- ing to note that there is a connecting shaft
le Visone 2.9 (Brandes and Wagner, 2004) between guilds and ship-owners due to con-
was used for the graphic representation. tact of the representatives of both federa-
tions, which in this case, corresponds to the
guild of Conil and the Algeciras ship-owners
r
esults association.
In this section, we shall use a three—step Four guilds occupy the first positions in
structure to describe the relationships bet- the weighted indicator of prominence of the
ween the guilds and the ship-owner associa- organizations: these are the guilds of Conil,
tions in Andalusia. First, we will describe the Tarifa, Isla Cristina and Punta Umbría (to con-
network of Andalusian fishing enclaves as a sult the full list of the prominence index, see
core-periphery structure in which, among Annex I). These four guilds make up a part of
other prominent actors, the Atlantic guilds the core of the core-periphery structure in the
play an essential role. Second, we shall diffe- four analyzed relationship types.
rentiate between the informal shared mana- The representatives of the Conil and Tari-
gement relationships for fishing affairs, which fa guilds worked for years as president and
allows us to identify the two institutional con- vice-president, respectively, of the Andalu-
texts in which relationships between fishing sian Federation of Fisherman Guilds (FACO-
organizations emerge and develop. Finally, PE, based on its initials in Spanish). They
we analyze the patterns of homophily in the
have a great deal of experience and influence
relations based on organization type and fis-
over the Andalusian fishing sector. On the
hing grounds.
other hand, the Isla Cristina guild is the port
having the greatest fresh fish invoicing in An-
The articulating role of the guilds in the dalusia and it plays a clear role in mediation.
core-periphery structure
Specifically, it carries out a broker role, both
representing the fishing grounds as well as
The organizational network of fishing in An-
dalusia has a core-periphery structure, clear- serving as spokesman for the fishing guilds.
ly differentiated by fishing grounds and with
the guilds having a central role (Graph 1)5.
diterranean. The four key actors in the network are
highlighted with a cleared coloured outline. The sha-
dowed areas indicate, from left to right, the communities
5 The graph represents the two clearly defined areas of of ship-owners from Huelva, guilds of Cadiz and Malaga,
the guilds and ship-owner associations. The guilds are and guilds of Almeria. Backbone is an algorithm used to
represented by circles and the ship-owner associations identify communities based on the triadic cohesion pat-
are the square-shaped nodes. The tone darker node terns (Nick et al., 2013). We have foregone the nature of
corresponds to the Atlantic and the clearest to the Me- the relationships for this specific analysis.
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
120 Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean…
GrApH 1. Communities of guilds and ship-owners based on the backbone method
That is, it carries out the functions of repre- management network is less dense, having
sentative or delegate, such as the brokers higher indicators of centralization and inter-
described by Gould and Fernández (1989). mediation. It also has lower indicators than
Furthermore, both Isla Cristina and Punta the others in numbers of clicks and degree of
Umbría include a large diversity of fisheries reciprocity. Overall, it is a less cohesive and
–such as trawling, seine, hydraulic dredge more fragmented network.
and small gear-, indirectly linking them to
The uniqueness of the management net-
other ports that share a common issue.
work may at least in part follow two different
logics in the development of relationships.
From informal relationships to shared Mutual recognition, personal relationships
management
and participation in sector-related meetings
The four analyzed relationship types appear are three types of informal relationships that
to partially overlap. Overall, the recognized emerge from bottom to top in the context of
parties, personal relationships and collective normal sociability of fishing enclaves– as well
participation in sector-related meetings net- as port installations, guild offices and ship-
works have similar indicators of centrality owner associations or bars and cafeterias
and cohesion (Table 2). On the other hand, near the port, among other scenarios. That
the fishing affairs management network – is, they arise from casual opportunities, un-
which includes everything from the fishing planned, interaction-based. On the other
tables and port assemblies to the negotiation hand, the shared management normally
of fishing agreements and fishing plans – has brings with it a larger commitment on behalf
a clearly differentiated profile. Specifically, its of the implicated organizations and they tend
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
Isidro Maya Jariego, Daniel Holgado, David Florido del Corral and Inmaculada Martínez de Alba 121
TAble 2. Measures of centrality and cohesion
Personal Collective Aggregate
Recognition Management
relationships participation network
Average Degree 79.08 67.82 70.57 44.37 35.63
Average Between-ness 0.747 1.149 1.051 2.003 2.43
Average Eigenvector 25.49 25.13 25.19 23.85 23.48
Average Closeness 83.70 77.18 78.73 65.51 60.71
Density 0.791 0.678 0.701 0.200 0.243
Cliques 87 57 50 10 6
Degree Centralization 22.41 34.48 31.53 44.83 46.80
Between-ness Centraliza-
2.39 4.69 3.40 9.83 15.27
tion
Mean Core-ness 0.173 0.162 0.166 0.129 0.127
Reciprocity 0.613 0.536 0.560 0.238 0.245
to arise from the top-down, based on regula- work breaks the continuity of the three pre-
tions and norms or from public administra- viously mentioned relationships, revealing
tion initiatives (Provan and Lemarie, 2011). correlations of under 0.5 in all cases. Despite
Therefore, we find a difference between the the positive correlation, it appears that there
informal relationships and the institutional is a certain decoupling that may correspond
relationships. with the two previously mentioned differen-
To contrast this idea, we proceed to tiated relationship contexts. To verify this, we
analyze the correlations between the four re- apply these systematic regression models
lationship matrices, applying the QAP proce- using each of the four analyzed relationships
dure (Table 3). The four relationship types as dependent variables.
overlap partially. In fact, in all of the cases, The analysis consisted of a regression
the correlations using the Jaccard coefficient model based on the QAP method. Specifi-
are significant (p <.01)6. However, there is a cally, we apply the Double Dekker Semi-Par-
greater probability of coincidence of the rela- tialling MRQAP method, which has the ad-
tionships between the node pairs from the vantage of more effectively controlling the
recognition, personal relationship and parti- collinearity between the matrices that are
cipation networks. These three have a proba- used as independent variables. The regres-
bility of co-occurrence of above 0.7 in the sion models for the fishing affairs manage-
three cases. However, the management net- ment network explains a percentage of the
variance that is less than 23.7%, with differ-
ent combinations of independent variables.
6 We apply the QAP method, which allows us to obtain On the other hand, the model with the great-
standard errors for the assessment of the significance of est predictive power consisted of determin-
the associations between relationship matrices, by the
ing the probability of collective participation
comparison of the relationship of each pair of actors with
those obtained randomly through a determined number in fishing meetings based on the recognition
of matrix permutations. As a contrast statistic, we selec-
and personal networks. Specifically, the rec-
ted the Jaccard coefficient which evaluates the associa-
tions between binary relationships in a narrower manner. ognition network and the networks of per-
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132
122 Fishing Nets between Two Seas: Guilds and Ship-Owner Associations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean…
TAble 3. QAP correlations (Jaccard coefficients)
Personal Collective
Recognition Management
relationships participation
Recognition — 0.741** 0.747** 0.420**
Personal relationships — 0.755** 0.415**
Collective participation — 0.433**
Management —
**p<0,01.
sonal relationships collectively explain the relationships take shape over time as
55.3% of the variance of the network of col- they become a context for the exchange of
lective participation in sector meetings (Ta- new content in the interaction.
ble 4).
As seen in Table 4, the probability of two Dynamics of homophily in the Atlantic
entities participating collectively in the fishing and Mediterranean fishing grounds
meetings is 0.081. This probability increases
The organization type and the fishing ground
to 0.473 in the case in which there is a rela-
appear to be the most important factors in
tionship of mutual recognition between both
the creation of relationships between entities
organizations, and to 0.349 in the case in of the fishing sector. On the one hand, the
which there are personal relationships bet- fishing world is traditionally articulated
ween members of the two entities. Therefore, around the guilds and in some enclaves, the-
the mutual recognition and the personal rela- re is a certain degree of polarization with the
tionships facilitate the possibility of the two ship-owners associations. On the other
organizations collectively participating in the hand, the Atlantic and Mediterranean fishing
fishing sector meetings. Once again, we ve- grounds not only define separate geographic
rify that there is a high level of overlap bet- areas, but they also correspond with fishe-
ween the first three matrices of evaluated ries, fishing gear and distinct social contexts.
relationships. It could be that the relations- In this section, we examine the relative
hips that arise in informal contexts evolve weight of the organization type and the fis-
over the long run in terms of increased inten- hing ground on the relationships between the
sity and multiplicity of content. In some way, fishing organizations.
TAble 4. QAP regression model for the collective participation network (Double Dekker Semi-Partialling
MRQAP Method)
Standardized
Independent variables R² ΔR² Coefficient Sig.
coefficient
0.554 0.553 0.000
Constant 0.081 0.000 0.000
Recognition 0.473 0.475 0.000
Personal relationships 0.349 0.338 0.000
Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 155, July - September 2016, pp. 113-132