Fish & Wildlife: Principles of Zoology and Ecology, 3rd edition

529 Pages·2009·35.74 MB·English

by  L. DeVere Burton

&
F W
ISH ILDLIFE
Principles of Zoology and Ecology
Third Edition

&
F W
ISH ILDLIFE

Principles of Zoology and Ecology
Third Edition
L. DeVere Burton
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Fish & Wildlife: Principles of Zoology © 2010, 2003, 1995 Delmar, Cengage Learning
and Ecology, Third Edition
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L. DeVere Burton
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Printed in Canada
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
Table of Contents
Preface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
Acknowledgments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii
About the Author - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiv
SECTION I:
ZOOLOGY AND ECOLOGY BASICS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
CHAPTER 1 Principles of Zoology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Classifi cation of Animals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3
Animal Behaviors and Habits - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
Animal Structure or Anatomy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6
Animal Nutrition and Digestion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -8
Animal Growth - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10
Animal Reproduction- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
CHAPTER 2 Principles of Ecology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17
Conservation of Matter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18
Laws of Energy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -24
The First Law of Energy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -25
The Second Law of Energy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -26
Natural Cycles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -27
The Carbon Cycle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -27
The Nitrogen Cycle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -29
The Water Cycle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -30
Food Chains - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -33
CHAPTER 3 Understanding Relationships Between
Wildlife and Agriculture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39
Fundamentals of Ecology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40
Agricultural Impacts on Ecosystems - - - - - - - - - - - - -43
Biological Succession - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46
CHAPTER 4 Biomes of North America - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53
Freshwater Biomes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -55
Marine Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60
Terrestrial Biomes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64
Desert Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64
Tundra Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -66
Grassland Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -68
Deciduous Forest Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -69
Temperate Forest Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -70
Coniferous Forest Biome - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -70
v
CHAPTER 5 Our Wildlife Resources - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75
A National Treasure - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -76
The U.S. Endangered Species Act - - - - - - - - - - - - - -78
Controversy and Protectionism - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -79
Extinction and its Causes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -85
Managing Endangered and Threatened Species - - - - -88
SECTION II:
ZOOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF MAMMALS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93
CHAPTER 6 Gnawing Mammals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94
Mice, Rats, Voles, and Lemmings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -97
Squirrels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105
Marmots and Prairie Dogs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113
Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 117
Porcupines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123
Gophers and Beavers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124
CHAPTER 7 Hoofed Mammals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 130
Pronghorn - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
Deer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 135
Bison and Musk Ox - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 142
Wild Sheep - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 145
Mountain Goats - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -148
Peccary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -149
Horses and Burros - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 150
CHAPTER 8 Predatory Mammals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -155
Wild Cats - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 156
Wild Dogs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 161
Bears - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 167
Weasels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 171
Raccoons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 181
CHAPTER 9 Marine Mammals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 186
Seals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 187
Eared Seals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 189
True Seals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 191
Walrus- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 193
Manatees - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -194
Whales - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 196
Baleen Whales - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 197
Toothed Whales - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 199
CHAPTER 10 Unusual Mammals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 209
Opossums - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 210
Shrews and Moles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 212
Bats- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 214
Armadillo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 218
vi
SECTION III:
ZOOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF BIRDS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 223
CHAPTER 11 Waterfowl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 224
Ducks - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -227
Geese - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 233
Swans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -236
CHAPTER 12 Game Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 242
Quails - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 244
Partridges - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -246
Pheasants - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -247
Grouse - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -249
Turkeys - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 253
Pigeons and Doves - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 255
CHAPTER 13 Birds of Prey - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 261
Hawk-like Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -262
Eagles, Hawks, and Kites - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -262
Falcons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -270
Vultures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 273
Osprey - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 275
Owls - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -276
Typical Owls - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -276
Barn Owls - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 281
CHAPTER 14 Songbirds and Other Perching Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 286
Songbirds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -287
Crows and Jays - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 301
Cuckoos - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -303
Kingfi shers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -304
Hummingbirds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -304
CHAPTER 15 Other Birds of North America - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 309
Long-legged Wading Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 310
Gull-like Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 314
Upright Perching Waterbirds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 316
Duck-like Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 318
Sandpiper-like Birds- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 321
Chicken-like Marsh Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -324
Upland Ground Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 325
Swallows and Swifts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 327
Tree-Clinging Birds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -329
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SECTION IV:
ZOOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF FISH, REPTILES, AND AMPHIBIANS - - - - - - - - - - 337
CHAPTER 16 Freshwater Fish - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 338
Catfi sh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -340
Sunfi sh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -342
Perch - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -345
Trout, Char, and Whitefi sh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -347
Pike - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 352
Sturgeons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 353
Minnows and Suckers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -354
CHAPTER 17 Anadromous and Diadromous Fish - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 359
Salmon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 365
Steelhead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -370
Striped Bass - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 371
Shad - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 373
Freshwater Eels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 373
CHAPTER 18 Saltwater Fish and Fauna - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 378
Sharks, Skates, and Rays - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -379
Mackerel, Tuna, and Marlins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 383
Flounder, Halibut, and Sole - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 385
Herring - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -387
Codfi sh - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -389
Smelts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -390
Sea Bass and Groupers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 391
Mollusks - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -392
Crustaceans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -394
CHAPTER 19 Reptiles and Amphibians - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -400
Reptiles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -401
Alligators and Crocodiles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -403
Lizards - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -405
Snakes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -410
Turtles and Tortoises - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 416
Amphibians - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 419
Frogs and Toads - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 420
Salamanders and Newts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -422
viii
SECTION V:
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -429
CHAPTER 20 Responsible Management of Wildlife Resources - - - - - - - - - - 430
Role of Private Institutions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 431
Farmers and Ranchers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -432
Industry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -439
Private Citizens - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 440
Game Farms and Preserves - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -441
Role of Special Interest Groups - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -443
Environmental Organizations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -443
Recreational Interests - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 444
Role of Government - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -445
Government Agencies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 446
National Parks and Monuments- - - - - - - - - - - - - -447
National and International Law - - - - - - - - - - - - - 448
Multiple-Use Concept of Management - - - - - - - - - -450
Wildlife Careers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 451
Education - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 451
Supervised Experience Programs - - - - - - - - - - - - - 451
Employer Expectations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -453
Occupational Safety - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -454
CHAPTER 21 Conservation of Natural Resources - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 458
Conserving the Soil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 460
Maintaining a Pure Water Supply- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -463
Preserving Air Quality - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -465
Preserving and Restoring Wildlife Populations
and Habitats - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -467
Reclaiming Damaged or Polluted Resources - - - - - -469
CHAPTER 22 The Human Connection to Wildlife and Natural Resources - - 475
Foundation for Agriculture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -476
Source of Materials for Medicines - - - - - - - - - - - - - -477
Mechanism for Natural Cycles - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -477
Recreation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -479
Intrinsic Value - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -479
Hunting and Fishing for Sport - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -481
Game Laws and Regulations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -482
Using Campgrounds, Trails, Roads,
and Waterways - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -483
Safety Education - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -487
Basis for Commerce - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -489
The Principle of Stewardship - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 490
Ethics, Privileges, and Responsibilities - - - - - - - - - - -491
Wildlife Management - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -492
Outdoor Recreation Management - - - - - - - - - - - - - -495
Glossary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -499
Index - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -508
ix