fertigation studies in aerobic rice – zero tillage maize cropping system

273 Pages·2016·2.39 MB·English

FERTIGATION STUDIES IN AEROBIC RICE –
ZERO TILLAGE MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM

BY
B. PADMAJA
M.Sc. (Ag.)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ACHARYA N. G. RANGA
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
AGRICULTURE
(AGRONOMY)

CHAIRPERSON: Dr. G. SUBBAIAH

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, BAPATLA - 522 101
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD - 500 030
2014
FERTIGATION STUDIES IN AEROBIC RICE –
ZERO TILLAGE MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM

BY
B. PADMAJA
M.Sc. (Ag.)

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE ACHARYA N. G. RANGA
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
AGRICULTURE
(AGRONOMY)

2014
CERTIFICATE

Smt. B. PADMAJA has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of research
and that the thesis entitled “FERTIGATION STUDIES IN AEROBIC
RICE – ZERO TILLAGE MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM” submitted is the
result of original research work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant
its presentation to the examination. I also certify that neither the thesis nor its
part thereof has been previously submitted by her for a degree of any
University.

Date:
(G. SUBBAIAH)
Chairman of the Advisory Committee &
Associate Dean
Agricultural College, Bapatla-522 101
Andhra Pradesh
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “FERTIGATION STUDIES
IN AEROBIC RICE – ZERO TILLAGE MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM”
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ‘Doctor of
Philosophy’ in Agriculture of the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University,
Hyderabad is a record of the bonafied original research work carried out by
Smt. B. PADMAJA under our guidance and supervision.
No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any degree or
diploma. The published part and all assistance received during the course of
the investigation have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.

CHAIRMAN
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee

Chairman Dr. G.SUBBAIAH
Associate Dean
Agricultural College

Bapatla-522 101.
Member Dr. K.CHANDRA SEKHAR
Associate Professor & Head
Department of Agronomy

Agricultural College
Aswaraopet

Member Dr. D.VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY
Associate Director of Research
Regional Agricultural Research Station
Warangal
Member Dr. P. RAVINDRA BABU
Professor
Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry

Agricultural College
Bapatla- 522 101.

External examiner
of final viva voce

Date of final viva-voce:
DECLARATION

I, Smt. B. PADMAJA hereby declare that the thesis entitled
“FERTIGATION STUDIES IN AEROBIC RICE – ZERO TILLAGE
MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM’’ submitted to the Acharya N. G. Ranga
Agricultural University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Agriculture in the major field of Agronomy is the result of original research
work done by me. I also declare that no material contained in the thesis has
been published earlier in any manner.

Place : (B. PADMAJA)
I.D. No. BAD-10-02
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Accomplishment of this thesis is the result of benevolence of almighty, love of my parents,
blessings of my teachers and motivation by husband and friends.
At the outset, with all the respect and immense pleasure I take it as a privilege to place on
record my profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to the chairman of my advisory committee
Dr. G. Subbaiah, Associate Dean, Agricultural College, Bapatla for his learned counsel, unstinted
attention, arduous and meticulous guidance. His indefatigable patience, splendid and stimulating
guidance and consistent efforts during the thick and thin of my research work deserve high
extolment.
I also feel privileged to offer my deep sense of gratitude and respect to Dr. K. Chandra
Sekhar, Associate Professor & Head, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Aswaraopet
and member of my advisory committee for his worthy counsel, constructive criticism and valuable
suggestions during the course work , at the time of investigation and going through the thesis
analytically by offering constructive suggestions for improvement.
I express my gratitude to Dr. D. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy, Associate Director of Research,
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem and member of my advisory committee for his co-
operation, guidance and pragmatic suggestions during the whole course of my research work.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. P. Ravindra Babu, Professor, Department of Soil
Science & Agril. Chemistry, Agricultural College, Bapatla and member of my advisory committee
for his valuable suggestions and guidance during the entire course of my research work.
I am extremely thankful to Dr.Ch. Pulla Rao, Professor & Head, Department of
Agronomy, Agricultural College, Bapatla for his able guidance, cooperation, affectionate advice
and constant encouragement during the course of study.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr. A. Subrahmanyeswara Rao, Associate Dean, Agril.
College, Niara, Dr. B.Venkateswarlu, Professor, Dr. K.Sudhakar Babu, Professor (Retd.),
Sri P.Venkata Rao, and Dr. N.Venkatalakshmi, Assistant Professors, Agricultural College,
Bapatla, Dr. K.Srinivasulu, Senior Scientist (Agronomy), Regional Agricultural Research Station,
LAM, Guntur, and Dr. K.Mosha, Coordinator, DAATTC, Visakhapatnam for their constant
encouragement and valuable comments during the course of study.
I express my immense gratitude to Dr. K.L.Narasimha Rao, Professor & Head, Dept. of
Crop Physiology, Dr. P.R.K.Prasad, Professor & Head, Dept of SS & AC, Dr. V.Srinivasa Rao,
Professor & University Head, Dept. of Mathematics & Statistics, Dr. K.Sandhya Rani and
Dr. K.Jayalalitha, Associate Professors, Dept. of Crop Physiology, Agricultural College, Bapatla,
who were my course teachers for their inspiring guidance, cooperation and valuable help whenever
needed during period of my study.
I am highly indebted to Dr. M. Sree Rekha, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agronomy and her
family members for the hospitality, love, affectionate guidance and kind help rendered. I am
extremely thankful to Dr. G.Raghunadha Reddy, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agril. Economics
for his encouragement and kind help rendered to me whenever needed.
I am thankful to all teaching and non-teaching staff of Agronomy, Agricultural College,
Bapatla, Regional Agril. Research station, Warangal and Agricultural College, Jagtial including
the field labourers for their cooperation during the course of investigation. I specially thank
M. Srinivas, AEO, K. Anil Kumar AWM, Ranadheer, D. Naresh, K. Sandhaya Rani, Naresh,
Lakshmi, Sri Bhavani Prasad and Sri Devender (Jain Irrigation) and Dr. G. Veeranna, Scientist
(Agronomy), RARS, Warangal, Sri G.Satyanarayana, A.O and Dr. T.Prabhakar Reddy, Assistant
Professor (SSAC), Agricultural College, Jagtial for their help and cooperation during course of my
investigation.
I am grateful to IFFCO, Hyderabad for providing the water soluble fertilizers. I am highly
thankful to Dr. V. Praveen Rao, Registrar, ANGRAU for his able counsel and help rendered in
procuring the water soluble fertilizers.
Diction is not at all enough to express my feelings towards my beloved parents Sri B. Siva
Rami Reddy and Smt. B. Sarogini and my sister Smt T. Radhika for their boundless love,
understanding and moral support which has been a source of inspiration for me throughout my life.
I feel dearth of words to express my feelings towards my husband Dr. M. Malla Reddy,
Professor & Head, Dept. of Agronomy, Agril. College, Jagtial without whom it would not have
been possible for me to register and complete the Ph D programme. His boundless love, meticulous
care, admonishing remarks and consistent support acted as impetus on fortitude during whole
course of my research and life. With all the love and affection in the world I thank my son
M. Adithya Vardhan Reddy and daughter T. Jahnavi for their cooperation and love. I profusely
thank my mother-in-law Smt. M. Mallamma, sister-in-law Miss M. Lakshmi and brother-in-law
Sri.T. Srinivas Reddy for their love and cooperation. My special affectionate thanks to my sister,
Smt. Sowjanya,for her unbounded love and affection.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to my beloved seniors Smt. P. Ammaji, Smt. S. Prathiba Sree,
Dr. P. Venkat Rao, Sri Subbirami Reddy, Sri Ratnam, Agril. College, Bapatla for their
cooperation, affection and timely help in the course of study.
I affectionately thank my friends, colleagues and well wishers Hari, Visala, Sandhya,
Srinivas, Triveni, Malathi, Pushpavathi, BKM Lakshmi, Sridevi, Geetha, Mayuri, Priya, Vanaja,
Spandana for their affection and cooperation during the entire Ph.D programme.
I thank the Assistant librarian and all the library staff members of Agril. College, Bapatla
and Rajendranagar for their cooperation and for providing needed material timely during the course
of my study.
I express my sincere gratitude to ANGRAU for providing me the financial help in the form
of deputation to complete the study successfully as an in-service candidate.
Any omission in this brief acknowledgement doesn’t mean lack of gratitude.

Date: (Padmaja Bhimireddy…)
LIST OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.
I INTRODUCTION
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III MATERIAL AND METHODS
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

@ : At the rate of
ASM : Available soil moisture
B: C ratio : Benefit cost ratio
BD : Bulk Density
0C : Degree Celsius
CD (0.05) : Critical difference at 5 per cent probability level
cm : Centimeter
CU : Consumptive Use
cv : Cultivar
CV : Coefficient of Variance
DAS : Days after sowing
dS m-1 : Deci Siemens per metre
EC : Electrical Conductivity
et al., : and other workers
ER : Effective Rainfall
ET : Evapo-transpiration
ETc : Crop Evapotranspiration
FC : Field Capacity
Fe : Iron
Fig. : Figure
g : Gram
ha -1 : Per hectare
ha-mm-1 : Hectare-millimeters
i.e., : Which is to say, in other words
IW/CPE : Irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation
K : Potassium
Kc : Crop Co-efficient
Kp : Pan Co-efficient
K O : Potassium oxide
2
kPa : Kilo Pascal
kg : Kilogram
kg ha-1 : Kilogram per hectare
l : Litre
l-1 : Per litre
LAI : Leaf area index
ml : Millilitre
ml l-1 : Millilitre per litre
m : Metre
m-2 : Per square metre
Max : Maximum
Min : Minimum
mg : Milligram
mm : Millimetre
Mg : Mega gram
MOP : Muriate of Potash
MSL : Mean sea level
mt : Million tone
N : Nitrogen
NS : Non significant
NUE : Nitrogen Use Efficiency
P : Phosphorus
PET : Potential Evapo-transpiration
% : Per cent
PWP : Permanent Wilting Point
pH : Potential of hydrogen ion concentration
ppm : Parts per million
r : Correlation Co-efficient
RDF : Recommended dose of fertilizer
RDN : Recommended dose of nitrogen
RH : Relative humidity