Ferns and Allied Plants: With Special Reference to Tropical America

868 Pages·1982·46.73 MB·English

by  Rolla M. Tryon

Ferns
and Allied Plants
Rolla M. Tryon
Alice F. Tryon
Harvard University
Ferns
and Allied Plants
With Special Reference
to Tropical America
Habitat Photography Principally
by Walter H. Hodge
Springer-Verlag
New York Heidelberg Berlin
Rolla M. Tryon
Alice F. Tryon
Harvard University Herbaria
22 Divinity Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
With 2028 figures
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Tryon, Rolla Milton, date
Ferns and allied plants.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Ferns-America. 2. Pteridophyta-America.
3. Ferns-Tropics. 4. Pteridophyta-Tropics. I. Tryon,
Alice F. Goint author) II. Hodge, W. H. (Walter Henricks), 1912-
III. Title.
QK524.4.T78 587'097 82-3248
© 1982 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1982
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The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in
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be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks
and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Typesetting: Progressive Typographers, Inc., Emigsville, P A
9 8 7 6 543 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8164-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8162-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8162-4
Preface
This systematic treatment of the ferns and allied plants provides
a modern classification of the Pteridophyta based on an assess
ment of the wealth of new data published during the last few
decades as well as on our own research. The accounts of the gen
era include systematics, ecology, geography, spores and cytology
and often other aspects of their biology. The scope of the work
has involved all genera and the Old World species of those gen
era represented in America. For a few American genera, that
are especially complex in the Old World, it has been necessary to
limit their treatment to the American representatives and this is
specifically indicated in those cases. The eight American genera
that do not occur in the tropics are treated in less detail. They
are Camptosorus, Gymnocarpium, Matteuccia and Onoclea of North
America, Arthropteris and Thyrsopteris of the Juan Fernandez
Islands, Pleurosorus of southern South America, and the amphi
tropical Cryptogramma.
The complete generic nomenclature is included, except in a
few specified cases where taxonomic complexities of the Old
World elements have not been resolved. The synonyms and ac
cepted names of subgeneric and sectional taxa are included only
when pertinent to the generic nomenclature or to an infrageneric
classification. Only the name of a publishing author is cited.
There is no bibliographic purpose served by including the name
of a person who was the source of, but did not validly publish, a
name or epithet. Combinations published prior to January 1,
1953 (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Article 33)
are accepted if there is an indication of the basionym even though
it was not directly cited.
Geographic records are based on the collections of the Gray
Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, the
New York Botanical Garden, the United States National Her
barium, Smithsonian Institution, and on monographic and
floristic literature. The maps present the general distribution of
the genera, based on countries and their major political subdivi
sions. The scale employed is shown in common and widely dis
tributed genera such as Elaphoglossum (Fig. 96.4), Asplenium
(Fig. 97.4), Blechnum (Fig. 104.4) and Lycopodium (Fig. 125.6).
New names of some countries and islands have not been
adopted because the previous name is prevalent in the literature
and herbarium: Galapagos Islands is used for ArchipieIago de
Colon, British Honduras for Belize, British Guiana for Guyana,
Staten Island for Isla del Estado, and Falkland Islands for Islas
del Malvinas.
All of the spore figures are documented by a specimen cita
tion, and these are in the collections at Harvard University un
less another herbarium is cited.
Publications that have,come to our attention prior to Decem
ber, 1981 are included in the cited literature.
The text has been prepar;ed jointly, with each author amending
initial drafts prepared by the other. The book thus developed
as a synthesis of our studies, although the nomenclature is
·
VI Preface
primarily the work of Rolla M. Tryon and the sections on spores
and cytology of Alice F. Tryon.
Most of the materials in this work were developed with the fi
nancial support of National Science Foundation Grants G1064,
G15949, G18906, G81693, GB4184, GB31170, DEB74-12319,
and DEB78-03148. However, any opinions, findings, conclu
sions, recommendations expressed herein are those of the au
thors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Foundation.
In addition to this essential support, we are indebted to the
collaboration and assistance of many persons who have aided
our work.
The treatment of the genus Thelypteris has been prepared with
the collaboration of Alan R. Smith and Lycopodium and Isoetes
with the collaboration of R. James Hickey. E. Hennipman has
reviewed the treatment of Platycerium, K. U. Kramer the treat
ments of Odontosoria, Lindsaea and Ormoloma, B. <l>llgaard, Lyco
podium, M. Price, Loxogramme, and K. Iwatsuki the Hymenophyl
laceae.
Stimulating discussions of fern classification with E. Hennip
man, F. Jarrett, C. Jermy, and K. U. Kramer have aided in the
resolution of many problems. We are indebted to the courtesies
extended, during visits to major herbaria, by F. Badn~, Paris, F.
Jarrett, Kew, C. Jermy, British Museum (Natural History), D. B.
J.
Lellinger, Smithsonian Institution, T. Mickel, New York Bo
tanical Garden, and R. G. Stolze, Field Museum of Natural His
tory.
Walter H. Hodge has contributed the major portion of the
field photographs, most of them obtained on several trips to the
American tropics for this special purpose. His contribution is of
major significance to our work. Other habitat photographs, ac
knowledged in the captions, have been contributed by D. S. Con
ant, L. D. GOmez, C. Haufler, K. U. Kramer, T. Lucansky, F. G.
Meyer, B. <l>llgaard, T. Reeves, C. S. Sperling, J. A. Steyermark,
W. A. Weber, L. Wells, and P. G. Windisch. We are indebted for
this collaboration, which has made it possible to illustrate all but
a few genera as they grow in nature.
Other photography and art work has been by Lydia Vickers
and principally by Emily Hoffman and Sarah Landry, whose
talents have made it possible to provide extensive illustrations of
the genera and many of the species. Edward Seling is responsible
for the exceptionally fine quality of the SEM micrographs of the
spores. We are also indebted to Carolyn Hesterberg, Helen Roca
Garcia, and Brooke Thompson-Mills for providing secretarial
and editorial assistance.
Some of the figures of Adiantopsis, Adiantum, Cheilanthes,
Cyatheaceae, Doryopteris, Eriosorus,jamesonia, Notholaena, Pellaea,
Selaginella and Vittariaceae have been previously published by
the authors in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 42.1955
and 44. 1957; in Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
Harvard University 143.1942,179.1956,191. 1962, 194. 1964
and 200. 1970; and in Rhodora 73. 1971.
J.
Fig. 24.3 (right) is from G. Gastony, Contributions from the
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 203. 1973; Figs. 35.3-
vii
Preface
35.6 are from C. Haufler, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 60.
1979; Fig. 45.6 is from E. Scamman, Contributions from the
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 187. 1960; Figs. Cyath.
8,10-13 are from A. F. Tryon and L. Feldman, Canadian Jour
nal of Botany 53.1975; Figs. 93.11-93.17 are from E. Hennip
man, Leiden Bot. Ser. 2. Leiden University Press. 1977; and Fig.
114.4 is from L. D. Gomez, Brenesia 4. 1974.
The base maps used are from the Goode Series, Copyright by
the University of Chicago Geography Department, with permis
sion of the copyright holder.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
December, 1981
Contents
Preface V
Introduction
Key to familes of
Pteridophyta in America 22
Family l. 1. Botrychium 26
Ophioglossaceae 25 2. Ophioglossum 33
Family 2.
Marattiaceae 39 3. Marattia 41
4. Danaea 45
Family 3.
Osmundaceae 50 5.0smunda 52
Family 4.
Schizaeaceae 58 6. Anemia 60
7. Lygodium 69
8. Schizaea 76
Family 5.
Gleicheniaceae 83 9. Gleichenia 85
10. Dicranopteris 92
Family 6.
Hymenophyllaceae 97 11. Hymenophyllum 103
12. Trichomanes 114
Family 7.
Loxomataceae 125 13. Loxsomopsis 125
Family 8.
Hymenophyllopsidaceae 129 14. Hymenophyllopsis 130
Family 9.
Plagiogyriaceae 134 15. Plagiogyria 134
Family 10.
Dicksoniaceae 138 16. Culcita 140
17. Dicksonia 144
18. Cibotium 149
19. Thyrsopteris 153
Family 11.
Lophosoriaceae 156 20. Lophosoria 157
Family 12.
Metaxyaceae 162 21. Metaxya 162
X Contents
Family 13.
Cyatheaceae 166 22. Sphaeropteris 175
23. Alsophila 182
24. Nephelea 188
25. Trichipteris 195
26. Cyathea 201
27. Cnemidaria 208
Family 14.
Pteridaceae 213 28. Pityrogramma 216
29. Anogramma 224
30. Eriosorus 228
31. ] amesonia 235
32. Pterozonium 241
33. Nephopteris 246
34. Cheilanthes 249
35. Bommeria 262
36. Adiantopsis 266
37. Notholaena 270
38. Hemionitis 278
39. Pellaea 284
40. Doryopteris 293
41. Trachypteris 302
42. Cryptogramma 306
43. Llavea 309
44. Ceratopteris 312
45. Adiantum 319
46. Pteris 332
47. Anopteris 341
48. Neurocallis 345
49. Acrostichum 348
Family 15.
Vittariaceae 354 50. Hecistopteris 356
51. Antrophyum 357
52. Vittaria 362
53. Anetium 368
Family 16.
Dennstaedtiaceae 373 54. Mi crolepia 373
55. Dennstaedtia 377
56. Saccoloma 383
57. Pteridium 387
58. Paesia 395
59. Hypolepis 398
60. Blotiella 403
61. Lonchitis 406
62. Histiopteris 410
63. Odontosoria 414
64. Lindsaea 421
65. Ormoloma 429
Family 17.
Thelypteridaceae 432 66. Thelypteris 433
Contents Xl
Family 18.
Dryopteridaceae 454 67. Ctenitis 459
68. Atalopteris 468
69. Tectaria 470
70. Hypoderris 481
71. Cyclopeltis 484
72. Rumohra 487
73. Lastreopsis 491
74. Dryopteris 496
75. Cyrtomium 510
76. Didymochlaena 515
77. Stigmatopteris 519
78. Polystichum 524
79. Maxonia 533
80. Polybotrya 536
81. Diplazium 543
82. Athyrium 555
83. Hemidictyum 561
84. Adenoderris 565
85. Cystopteris 568
86. Gymnocarpium 574
87. Woodsia 577
88. Onocleopsis 582
89. Matteuccia 585
90. Onoclea 587
91. A rth ropteris 590
92. Oleandra 593
93. Bolbitis 600
94. Lomariopsis 607
95. Lomagramma 613
96. Elaphoglossum 617
Family 19.
Aspleniaceae 627 97. Asplenium 629
98. Pleurosorus 646
99. Camptosorus 648
100. Holodictyum 650
101. Schaffneria 653
Family 20.
Davalliaceae 654 102. Nephrolepis 656
Family 21.
Blechnaceae 662 103. Woodwardia 663
104. Blechnum 669
105. Salpichlaena 681
Family 22.
Polypodiaceae 684 106. Polypodium 688
107. Pleopeltis 702
108. Dicranoglossum 708
109. Marginariopsis 712
110. Microgramma 715
..
Xli Contents
Ill. Campyloneurum 722
112. Niphidium 727
113. Neurodium 732
114. Solanopteris 735
115. Platycerium 739
116. Loxogramme 743
11 7. Grammitis 747
Family 23.
Marsileaceae 759 118. Marsilea 760
119. Regnellidium 765
120. Pilularia 767
Family 24.
Salviniaceae 770 12l. Sa lvinia 771
122. Azolla 776
Family 25.
Psilotaceae 782 123. Psilotum 783
Family 26.
Equisetaceae 788 124. Equisetum 789
Family 27.
Lycopodiaceae 796 125. Lycopodium 797
Family 28.
Selaginellaceae 812 126. Selaginella 813
Family 29.
Isoetaceae 826 127. Isoetes 826
Index to Names 835