Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture

203 Pages·1996·14.95 MB·English

by  Stephen Goddard (auth.)

"""'4eed
Management
in Intensive
Aquaculture
eed
Management
in Intensive
Aquaculture
Stephen Goddard
Fisheries and Marine Institute
Memorial University
Newfoundland, Canada
m
CHAPMAN &. HALL
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Cover design: Curtis Tow Graphics
Copyright © 1996 by Chapman &: Hall
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XJCX 01 00 99 98 97 96
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goddard, Stephen.
Feed management in intensive aquaculture / Stephen Goddard.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-412-07081-2 (alk. paper)
1. Fishes--Feeding and feeds. 2. Shrimps--Feeding and feeds.
3. Fish-culture. 4. Shrimp culture. I. Title.
SH156.G63 1996
639.3-dc20 96-34801
CIP
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Contents
"""
Preface ix
Ackowledgments xi
1 FEED IN INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE 1
Introduction 1
Intensification 2
Production Systems 5
Intensification in Shrimp Aquaculture 7
Feed Development 10
Feed Ingredients 15
Aquaculture Feeds and the Environment 18
Industry Growth 19
References 21
2 FEEDING AND DIET 23
Introduction 23
Diversity 23
Feeding Behavior 25
Digestion 27
References 31
3 DIETARY REQUIREMENTS 35
Introduction 35
v
CONTENTS
Nutrients 35
Protein 36
Lipids 38
Carbohydrates 41
Vitamins 41
Minerals 42
Energy 43
References 48
4 FEEDING, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER QUALITY 51
Introduction 51
Temperature 52
Oxygen 54
Oxygen Requirements 58
Feeding and Metabolic Rate 59
Oxygen Depletion 60
Water Exchange and Aeration 62
Fish Farm Wastes 63
Control of Wastes 72
References 73
5 FEED TYPES AND USES 75
Introduction 75
Wet Feeds 76
Wet and Moist Formulated Feeds 78
Dry Feeds 82
Commercial Feed Types 86
References 97
6 FEED HANDLING AND STORAGE 99
Introduction 99
Wet Feeds 99
Moist Feeds 100
Dry Feeds 101
Maintenance of Feedstocks 109
vi
CONTENTS
Loss of Vitamins 113
Adventitious Toxins 113
Oil Rancidity 114
References 115
7 FEEDING METHODS 117
Introduction 117
Feeding Methods 118
Feeding Methods for Shrimp 131
Feeding Methods and Growth Variation 136
References 137
8 FEED RATIONS AND SCHEDULES 139
Introduction 139
Ration Size 139
Rations and Growth 140
Growth-Ration Curves 142
Estimating Ration Size 143
Food Particle Size 147
Feeding Frequency 150
Feeding Period 151
Compensatoty Feeding 152
References 155
9 PERFORMANCE MEASURES 159
Introduction 159
Sampling Methods 159
Measurements 161
Growth Patterns 165
Growth Recording 166
Growth Prediction 169
Condition Factors 170
Survival 171
Food Conversion 174
Assessing Quality 175
vii
CONTENTS
Diets and Flesh Quality 178
References 178
10 COST FACTORS 181
Introduction 181
Selecting Feeds 182
Cost-Effective Rations 187
Food Wastage 187
References 188
INDEX 189
viii
Preface
"""
This book has been written as a guide to the management and use of formulated feeds
in intensive fish and shrimp culture. While its focus is on the use of commercially pro
duced feeds in intensive production systems, it is anticipated that many of the practical
issues covered will be of equal interest to those fish farmers who make their own feeds
and to those who use formulated feeds in less intensive systems. Feeds and feeding are
the major variable operating costs in intensive aquaculture and the book is primarily in
tended to aid decision making by fish farm managers in areas of feeding policy.
The dramatic increases in aquaculture production seen over the past 15 years have
been made possible, in large part, by gains in our understanding of the food and feed
ing requirements of key fish and shrimp species. A global aquaculture feeds industry
has developed and a wide range of specialist feeds is now sold. The new options in feeds
and feeding systems, which are becoming available, necessitate continual review by
farmers of their feeding policies, where choices must be made as to appropriate feed
types and feeding methods. While growth rates and feed conversion values are the
prime factors of interest to farmers, other important issues, such as product qualiry and
environmental impacts of farm effluents, are also directly related to feed management
practices. While there is an extensive literature dealing with the known nutritional re
quirements of farmed fish and shrimp, less attention has been focused on feed manage
ment practices. However, as the various sectors of the industry have matured, and mar
kets have become more competitive, it has become evident that farmers seeking to
control their production costs, in order to remain competitive, must critically examine
the selection, use, and performance of aquaculture feeds.
While this book emphasizes the practical issues of feed management, it also seeks to
provide insight into the biological and environmental factors that underlie the feeding
responses of fish and shrimp, and which must be taken into account when determining
appropriate feeding policies for specific farming operations. No attempt has been made
here to describe in detail the feeding regimens used for any particular species. The ex-
ix
PREFACE
amples used throughout the text have been chosen from many different sectors of the
industry in an attempt to illustrate the general principles of feed management.
The names of fish and shrimp in common usage within the industry are used
throughout the text. Scientific names are included where species are first named, or
where there may be some ambiguity concerning the common name of a particular
species. The term shrimp is used to refer to members of the marine Penaeidae (e.g., the
giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon), and prawn to members of the freshwater Palae
monidae (e.g., the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergit).
Stephen Goddard
x
Acknowledgments
"""
I should like to acknowledge the assistance of the many fish and shrimp farmers who
have generously given of their time to describe to me the feeding operations on their
farms. It is from these observations and discussions that the idea for this book first de
veloped, and upon which the selection of much of the material has been based.
I also acknowledge the valuable support and encouragement of my colleagues and
graduate students at Memorial University. I particularly thank the Office for Interna
tional Programmes for its continued support of my work overseas. I also thank Wendy
Thistle and Karen Collins of the School of Fisheries for all their assistance in the prepa
ration of figures and organization of the manuscript.
Finally I thank Maria Teresa, Benjamin and Clare, for all their understanding and
patience, without which this book could not have been written.
xi