Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles: From Theory to Application

227 Pages·2014·6.25 MB·English

by  Ali Zolghadri

Advances in Industrial Control
Ali Zolghadri
David Henry
Jérôme Cieslak
Denis Efi mov
Philippe Goupil
Fault Diagnosis
and Fault-Tolerant
Control and
Guidance for
Aerospace Vehicles
From Theory to Application
Advances in Industrial Control
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/1412

Ali Zolghadri • David Henry (cid:129) J e´roˆme Cieslak
Denis Efimov (cid:129) Philippe Goupil
Fault Diagnosis and
Fault-Tolerant Control
and Guidance for Aerospace
Vehicles
From Theory to Application
123
AliZolghadri DavidHenry
CNRS,IMSLab CNRS,IMSLab
TheUniversityofBordeaux TheUniversityofBordeaux
Bordeaux Bordeaux
France France
Je´roˆmeCieslak DenisEfimov
CNRS,IMSLab INRIA-LNE
TheUniversityofBordeaux Non-Aproject,ParcScientifique
Bordeaux delaHauteBorne
France Villeneuved’Ascq
France
PhilippeGoupil
EYCCCFlightControlSystem
AirbusOperationsS.A.S.–St.Martin
Toulouse
France
ISSN1430-9491 ISSN2193-1577(electronic)
ISBN978-1-4471-5312-2 ISBN978-1-4471-5313-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-5313-9
SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013945429
©Springer-VerlagLondon2014
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Series Editors’ Foreword
TheseriesAdvancesinIndustrialControlaimstoreportandencouragetechnology
transfer in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has
an impact on all areas of the control discipline. New theory, new controllers,
actuators, sensors, new industrial processes, computer methods, new applications,
new philosophies:::, new challenges. Much of this development work resides in
industrialreports,feasibilitystudypapers,andthereportsofadvancedcollaborative
projects. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended
expositionofsuchnewworkinallaspectsofindustrialcontrolforwiderandrapid
dissemination.
Recently the sister series to Advances in Industrial Control, the Advanced
Textbooks in Control and Signal Processing series published a textbook, Robust
and Adaptive Control: With Aerospace Applications (ISBN 978-1-4471-4395-6,
2012).ThiswaswrittenbytwoBoeingSeniorTechnicalFellows,DoctorsEugene
LavretskyandKevinA.Wise.Thistextbookwasnotableforanumberofreasons:
firstly,itwaswrittenbyaeronauticalengineersfromwithintheindustry.Secondly,
the textbook demonstrated the use of advanced robust and adaptive control tech-
niques for aerospace applications; this shows how successfully advanced control
techniques are beginning to penetrate an industry with very strict certification
procedures.
This Advances in Industrial Control monograph, Fault Diagnosis and Fault-
TolerantControlandGuidanceforAerospaceVehicles:FromTheorytoApplication
byAliZolghadri,DavidHenry,Je´roˆmeCieslak,DenisEfimov,andPhilippeGoupil,
has similar strengths in that it reports work with advanced fault detection and
control techniques but is strongly grounded in commercial aeronautical practice.
Throughout the monograph are important sections detailing actual current aero-
nautical in-service practice, and various demonstrations are presented using, for
example, Airbus benchmark models and simulations. This industrial involvement
arises from the very nature of European collaborative research projects that must
havethecriticalparticipationofindustrialcompanies.Manyacademicandindustrial
v
vi SeriesEditors’Foreword
readerswillfindthismonographarefreshingchangefromthemoreusualacademic
controlmonographsthatareoftensodependentonidealizedprocessmodelsinthe
examples.
Openingthemonographisanintroductorychapter(Chap.1)followedbyChap.2
that is a review chapter. The review material is comprehensive encompassing the
industrial state of the art and the academic state of the art in fault detection and
relatedcontroltopics.
The first three core Chaps. (3, 4, and 5) focus on fault detection and diagnosis
(FDD)systemsthatanswerthequestionsofwhetherthereisafaultpresentandthen
what exactly that fault is. Model-based theories for FDD and Kalman estimation
are two of the methods invoked in the proposed solutions in these chapters. This
isfollowedlogicallybythedevelopmentofrecoverycontrolstrategies,inthiscase
basedonfault-tolerantcontrol(FTC)methodswhereH1 designisafeatureofthe
proposedcontrolsolutions(Chap.6).
Chapter 7 moves the application focus into outer space with three application
scenariosbeinginvestigated:anobservationsatelliteinEarth’sorbit,anatmosphere
reentry vehicle, and a deep space mission. All the applications are linked to
European space research projects; so once again there is a valuable association
with the reality of ongoing space projects and research. The proposed solutions
featureH1designtools.Closingthemonograph,Chap.8presentsconclusionsand
aperspectiveonfutureresearchdirections.
This monograph showcases much research arising from a number of Euro-
pean and French research projects in the aeronautics/aerospace field. The strong
underpinning link with industrial activities in this area makes for a strongly
applications-oriented text that sits very well within the remit of the Advances in
IndustrialControlmonographseries.
IndustrialControlCentre M.J.Grimble
Glasgow M.A.Johnson
Scotland,UK
Foreword
An important aspect related to airplane flight control is the movement of surfaces
on the wing and on the rear tailplane and fin. Wrong movements of these control
surfaces may have consequence on the trajectory of the airplane, on the loads of
its structure, or on its fuel consumption. Detecting and passivating these wrong
movements is absolutely needed. However, the failure detection devices must not
cry wolf untimely. False alert to the crew can disturb him from more essential
activities. Wrong failure detection may lead to disconnect (automatically or not)
resourcesthatcouldbeneededlateronintheflightandinanycaseneedtobefixed
later on after landing, and this is a very heavy burden for the airplane operators.
Monitoringdevicesmustthusbetoleranttothenormalbehaviorofthesystems(in
particular the normal tolerances of sensors, propagated by the functions that are
consumingtheiroutput)butmustdetectanysignalthatcouldimpairairplanesafety.
Failure detection mechanisms must be squeezed between normal behavior and
safetyconstraints.Safetyconstraintscanbealleviatedbyintroducingmarginsinthe
trajectoryoftheairplane(increasingseparationinflightbetweenairplanes),margins
inthesizingofthestructure,andmarginsintheamountoffueltobeloadedinthe
tanks.Thesemarginsarecostlyintermsoffuelburn,thusbothforourenvironment
andfortheairlines’bottomline.
Any progress in the art of developing fault detection mechanisms is thus
welcomed and is even a must for the aviation industry. One should be careful that
this is not an easy task. This issue of trustworthy fault detection is not new: it is
valid for traditional mechanically controlled airplane and the numerous actuators
andelectronicstheyencompass.However,theissuehassignificantlygrownwiththe
introductionofflight-by-wireairplaneandthevarietyoferrorsasignalcansupport:
wider frequency range of oscillations, dynamic of data runaway, or hardover.
Moreover,havingdesignmethodsisjustapartofthestory.Buildingconfidencein
these monitoring devices is also mandatory. The art of developing them mustthus
plan their validation from the start and must rely on well-proven design methods.
The art of fault detection needs thus to provide trustworthy development methods
thatwecanjustifiablytrustandtocontinuouslyevolveandimprove.
vii
viii Foreword
This book is particularly valuable, bringing together both imaginative theories
andpracticalapplications.PhilippeGoupilandhisacademiccolleagueshavedone
hereacontinuousandfruitfulcollaborativeefforttobringthebestexpertiseonthis
complexissue.
AirbusOperationsS.A.S. Dr.PascalTraverse
Toulouse,France
Preface
Theimpactthattheaerospaceandaviationindustryhasontoday’smodernsociety
andworld’seconomyisveryprominent.Assuch,theaerospaceindustrycontinues
at the forefront of engineering research and development technologies. The sector
needscontinuousimprovementincludinginsertionofnewtechnologies.Generally,
new technologies are adopted only when there is a clear need in terms of cost or
performancebenefit:anymodificationtotheexistingin-serviceandalreadyproven
technical solutions should be motivated, first of all, by a real industrial need. The
technology driver is mainly the market pull. On the other hand, despite potential
costandperformanceadvantages,newmethodsandtechnologiesentailriskandthus
mustundergoextensivedevelopment,validation,andverificationbeforetheycanbe
transitionedtoreal-worldsystems.Thisisespeciallytrueforaerospaceandaircraft
systems. Recent developments in control engineering have had attractive potential
forresolvingnumerousissuesrelatedtoguidance,navigation,andcontrol(GNC)of
flightvehicles.Satisfyingthemoreandmorestringentflightrequirementsrequires
innovative Fault Detection, Identification, and Recovery (FDIR) approaches and
mechanization schemes which can help achieve improved flight performance and
reliability, self-protection, and autonomy. The challenges range from predesign
and design stages for upcoming and new programs to the improvement of the
performanceforin-serviceflyingsystems.Manyfuturespacemissionswillrequire
increased onboard autonomy including fault diagnosis and the subsequent control
andguidancerecoveryactions.Autonomysupportscost-effectiveaccomplishment
of mission goals, and space missions lacking onboard autonomy will be unable
to achieve the full range of advanced mission objectives. On the other hand, one
of the main issues for the development of future aircraft programs is to improve
“green transport,” that is, to provide society with an air transport that leaves a
smaller carbon footprint. Sustainable air transport will be a serious worldwide
challenge,giventheanticipatedincreaseintrafficvolumeandcontinuingexpansion
of the world’s aviation network with greater aviation connectivity. This will need
continuing technological progress in the design of all aircraft systems: airframes,
propulsion systems, airborne systems, software and hardware, communications,
navigation, control and guidance, etc. At first sight, the link between innovating
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