Table Of ContentCOMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU BETON
FASTENINGS
TO CONCRETE
AND MASONRY
STRUCTURES
STATE OF THE ART REPORT
*1 I Thomas Telford
Published by Thomas Telford Services Ltd, Thomas Telford House, 1 Heron
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First published 1994
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Availability: Unrestricted
Content: Guidance based on research and best current practice
Status: Committee guided
User: Structural engineers, designers
ISBN-13: 978-07277-3542-3
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Preface
Modern fastening technique is increasingly applied for the transfer of
concentrated loads into concrete and masonry structures. Cast-in-place systems
(which are placed in the formwork before casting of the concrete) and post-
installed systems (which are installed in hardened structural concrete or
masonry) are used.
The load is transferred into the base material by mechanical interlock,
friction, bond or a combination of these mechanisms. In general independent
of the load-transfer mechanism, fastenings rely on the concrete tensile capacity.
Although a large number of fastening assemblies are installed every day,
knowledge in the engineering profession about their behaviour is generally
very limited. Furthermore, there is no generally accepted design method.
In order to improve the situation, Task Group VI/5: Fastenings to Reinforced
Concrete and Masonry Structures has been formed by CEB
(a) to compile and compare the available research results on the behaviour
of fastening systems
(b) to propose a consistent approach based on current empirical and
theoretical models for the design of fastenings
(c) to develop design methods that account for the effects of fastenings
and the loads they carry on the behaviour of the structures to which
they are attached.
The Task Group has had meetings in
Stuttgart (November 1987)
Orlando (March 1988)
Dubrovnik (September 1988)
Berlin (May 1989)
Toronto (March 1990)
Paris (September 1990)
Tokyo (May 1991).
In this report, the behaviour of fastenings in concrete and masonry for the
entire range of loading types (including monotonic, sustained, fatigue, seismic
and impact loading), as well as the influence of environmental effects, is
reviewed based on experimental results from various parts of the world.
Existing theoretical approaches to prediction of the behaviour of anchors are
described. The report was approved by the Task Group at its Tokyo meeting.
In a second report, the existing design approaches will be compiled and
compared with the available experimental data, and a consistent design method
will be recommended. This work is intended to be applicable to both new
constructions and the repair and strengthening of existing structures.
It is not within the scope of the Task Group to review the various test
methods for assessment of proper functioning (suitability) or allowable
conditions of use for fastening systems. These topics are properly addressed
by the appropriate regulatory bodies, for example UEAtc, EOTA and ASTM.
A report of this kind cannot be complete. Nevertheless, it is hoped that
it will help the profession to understand better the behaviour of fastenings
and to improve their design.
Rolf Eligehausen
Chairman of the Task Group
Stuttgart, March 1994
Acknowledgements
This report has been written by the members and associate members of the
CEB Task Group VI/5: Fastenings to Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Structures
R. Eligehausen (Chairman), Germany
R. Tewes (Technical Secretary until September 1989), Switzerland
K. Bergmeister (Technical Secretary since January 1990), Italy
M. Combette, France
V. Covert, USA
L. Elfgren, Sweden
P. Hollenbach, USA
B. Kato, Japan
R. E. Klingner, USA
H. B. Lancelot, USA
K. Laternser, Germany
J. Lugez, France
T. Okada, Japan
W. S. Paterson, Great Britain
M. Rinklake, Germany
H. D. Seghezzi, Liechtenstein
G. Senkiw, Canada
J. F. Silva, USA
G. Soderlind, Sweden
R. Tewes, Switzerland
J. Tschositsch, Germany
E. Vintzeleou, Greece
H. Wiewel, USA
R. E. Wollmershauser, USA
T. Akiyama (Associate Member), Japan
Y. Hosokawa (Associate Member), Japan
H. Kimura (Associate Member), Japan
C. Korner (Associate Member), Germany
Y. Matsuzaki (Associate Member), Japan
R. Tanaka (Associate Member), Japan
S. Usami (Associate Member), Japan
Editorial Board
R. Eligehausen (Chairman), Germany
K. Bergmeister (Technical Secretary), Italy
R.E. Klinger, USA
W. S. Paterson, Great Britain
H. D. Seghezzi, Liechtenstein
J. F. Silva, USA
The final draft has been produced in Stuttgart mainly by Konrad Bergmeister,
Rolf Eligehausen and John F. Silva. Most of the figures have been drawn
by Mrs Boese. Acknowledgement is due to all those who have made
contributions.
Contents
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1. Scope 1
2. Terminology 2
2.1. Introduction, 2
2.2. Glossary of terms, 9
2.3. Notation, 9
3. Types of fastener 10
3.1. Cast-in-place systems, 11
3.2. Post-installed systems, 14
3.3. Masonry anchors, 29
PART II. BEHAVIOUR OF FASTENING SYSTEMS
UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING IN CONCRETE —
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4. Introduction to fastening systems under
monotonic loading in concrete 32
4.1. Scope, 32
4.2. Units, 33
4.3. Cracked concrete, 33
5. Headed anchors in uncracked concrete 37
5.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 37
5.2. Tension loading, 39
5.3. Shear loading, 61
5.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 75
5.5. Bending of the baseplate, 77
5.6. Behaviour of multiple-anchor ductile attachments to
concrete, 78
6. Headed anchors in cracked concrete 84
6.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 84
6.2. Tension loading, 84
6.3. Shear loading, 89
7. Channel bars 90
7.1. Uncracked concrete, 90
7.2. Cracked concrete, 91
8. Expansion anchors in uncracked concrete 92
8.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 92
8.2. Tension loading, 94
8.3. Shear loading, 99
8.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 100
8.5. Bending moment, 101
9. Expansion anchors in cracked concrete 104
9.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 104
9.2. Tension loading, 104
9.3. Shear loading, 110
9.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 110
CONTENTS
10. Undercut anchors in uncracked concrete 111
10.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 111
10.2. Tension loading, 112
10.3. Shear loading, 113
10.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 113
11. Undercut anchors in cracked concrete 114
11.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 114
11.2. Tension loading, 114
11.3. Shear loading, 116
11.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 116
12. Bonded anchors in uncracked concrete 117
12.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 117
12.2. Tension loading ,118
12.3. Shear loading, 123
12.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 124
13. Bonded anchors in cracked concrete 125
13.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 125
13.2. Tension loading, 125
13.3. Shear loading, 126
13.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 127
14. Plastic fasteners 128
14.1. Uncracked concrete, 128
14.2. Cracked concrete, 135
15. Powder-actuated fasteners 137
15.1. Uncracked concrete, 137
15.2. Cracked concrete, 141
PART III. BEHAVIOUR OF FASTENING SYSTEMS
UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING IN MASONRY —
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
16. Essential characteristics of masonry 143
16.1. Masonry construction in the USA, 143
16.2. Masonry construction in Europe, 146
16.3. Comparison of fastening in reinforced concrete and
masonry, 148
17. Cast-in-place anchors 149
17.1. Failure loads, 149
18. Expansion anchors 150
19. Injection-type bonded anchors in masonry 151
19.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 151
19.2. Tension loading, 151
19.3. Shear loading, 152
19.4. Combined tension and shear loading, 152
20. Plastic anchors 153
20.1. Prestressing and relaxation, 153
20.2. Tension loading, 153
20.3. Shear loading, 155
CONTENTS
PART IV. BEHAVIOUR OF FASTENING SYSTEMS
UNDER SUSTAINED, CYCLIC, SEISMIC AND IMPACT
LOADING
21. Types of loading and force 156
22. Sustained loading 159
22.1. Uncracked concrete, 159
22.2. Cracked concrete, 159
23. Cyclic loading 161
23.1. Introduction, 161
23.2. Prestressing, 161
23.3. Uncracked concrete, 163
23.4. Cracked concrete, 166
24. Seismic loading 167
24.1. Introduction, 167
24.2. Fastenings subjected to cyclic axial actions,
167
24.3. Fastenings subjected to cyclic shear actions,
168
24.4. Fastenings under combined tension and shear
actions, 178
25. Impact loading 179
25.1. Introduction, 179
25.2. Fastenings subjected to impact tension loading,
179
25.3. Fastenings subjected to impact shear loading,
182
PART V. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
26. Performance requirements of fasteners 183
27. Corrosion 184
27.1 Introduction, 184
27.2. Cast-in-place concreted or mortared-in components,
184
27.3. Galvanized (electroplated) components, 185
27.4. Hot-dip galvanized components, 185
27.5. Contact of galvanized components with concrete,
186
27.6. Stainless steel, 186
28. Other environmental influences 188
28.1. Humidity, 188
28.2. Temperature, 189
28.3. Ultraviolet exposure, 192
28.4. Freeze—thaw cycles, 193
28.5. Salt (corrosion) exposure, 194
28.6. Acid rain wetting and drying exposure, 194
28.7. Combination exposure, 195
29. Fire exposure 196
29.1. Introduction, 196
29.2. Experimental investigations, 198
CONTENTS
PART VI. INFLUENCE OF FASTENINGS ON THE
BEHAVIOUR OF THE MEMBER SERVING AS BASE
MATERIAL
30. Influence of fastenings on reinforced concrete
and masonry structures 199
PART VII. THEORETICAL MODELLING
31. Introduction to theoretical modelling 204
32. Behaviour of concrete under tension loading 205
32.1. Introduction, 205
32.2. Behaviour of concrete in tension, 206
33. Experimental investigations of the fracture of
fastenings 211
34. Theoretical investigations 219
34.1. Theory of elasticity ,219
34.2. Theory of plasticity, 219
34.3. Strength criteria combined with a 'smeared crack'
approach, 220
34.4. Fracture mechanics, 223
35. Conclusions for theoretical modelling 233
36. Use of the concrete tensile capacity 234
37. Summary 235
References 236
Bibliography 249
1. Scope
The question of how best to join the many parts of a building structure is
as old as building construction itself. Close examination of traditional stone,
masonry and timber construction methods reveals the various and often
ingenious solutions developed to transfer load from one part of a structure
to another. Modern building structures, whether made of wood, masonry,
concrete or steel, likewise comprise interconnected parts. The connections
take many forms.
In the design of concrete and masonry structures, attachments for the
introduction of concentrated loads as well as primary structural connections
for prefabricated components involve the use of fastening systems. These
systems are also increasingly employed in the repair and strengthening of
existing structures. The term 'fastening system' as used here encompasses
the numerous methods and products currently available to facilitate the
introduction of concentrated loads into concrete and masonry structures. The
demands of the building industry for more flexible and dependable construction
methods, and efforts to improve the performance of building structures, have
in recent years focused particular attention on the design, installation and
performance of fastening systems.
Fastening systems can be classified into cast-in-place systems and post-
installed systems.
Cast-in-place systems are placed in the formwork before casting of the
concrete. The element to be fastened is connected to the embedded part either
by the use of mechanical fasteners or by welding. Forces acting on cast-in-
place systems are often distributed into the concrete member by means of
suitably placed reinforcement.
Post-installed systems may be installed in masonry or hardened concrete.
Advances in drilling technology have led to the development of increasingly
dependable post-installed systems which are widely used in new construction
as well as for repair and strengthening work.
Each fastening system is by design suited for particular applications. The
selection of the appropriate system is based on engineering, economic and
architectural considerations. Modern fastening technology offers architects
and engineers new versatility in that it provides systems for an increasingly
wide range of uses and load levels. In order to choose the correct system
for a given application and to design the fastening properly , comprehensive
knowledge of the broad range of fastening systems and their behaviour is
required. However, because the design of a particular fastening may be critical
for the behaviour of the structure in which it is used, it should be based on
sound engineering models that describe the real behaviour under load as closely
as possible.
The present state of the art cannot quantitatively account for all factors
that influence the load-bearing behaviour of fastening systems. Theoretical
models up to now have been based primarily on empirical test data. These
limitations notwithstanding, this report compiles and compares the available
experimental and theoretical research results concerning fastening systems.
In a further report, a consistent approach based on current empirical and
theoretical models for the design of fastenings will be proposed, and the effects
of fastenings and the loads they carry on the behaviour of the structure to
which they are attached will be addressed.
The various test methods for the assessment of the proper functioning
(suitability) of fastening systems are reviewed by the appropriate regulatory
bodies, e.g. UEAtc, EOT A and ASTM.
2. Terminology
2.1. Introduction In the following sections the terminology is presented in two forms
(a) CEB-preferred definitions and notation; this notation system, although
originally developed for the CEB/FIP Model Code, has become the
basis for ISO 3898; it is adopted here as a uniform system of notation
(b) common-usage notation from various countries and organizations; this
has been included to enable the reader to identify the terminology
contained in the references, and to allow direct comparison with the
CEB-preferred terminology.
The following organizations are referred to by acronym.
ACI American Concrete Institute
Afnor Association Francaise de Normalisation
AIJ Architectural Institute of Japan
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CEB Comite Euro-International du Beton (Euro-International
Concrete Committee)
CEO Comite Europeen de l'outillage (European Tool Committee)
EOTA European Organization for Technical Approval
IfBt Institut fur Bautechnik (Institute for Construction Technology)
ISO International Organization for Standardization
PCI Prestressed Concrete Institute
UEAtc Union Europeenne pour l'Agrement Technique dans la
Construction (European Union of Agrement)
Fig. 2.1 (left). Types of loading: (a) tension loading; (b) compression loading;
(c) shear loading; (d) combined tension and shear loading; (e) combined
N
tension and shear loading with bending
Fig. 2.2. Components of a connection Fig. 2.3. Forces on a fastening
%.&&*>
N 1. Tightening torque
2. Prestress force
1. Base material 3. Clamping force
2. Fastener 4. Expansion force
3. Fixture 5. Friction force
