Exploring Expertise: Issues and Perspectives

348 Pages·1998·34.625 MB·English

by  Robin Williams, Wendy Faulkner, James Fleck (eds.)

EXPLORING EXPERTISE
Exploring Expertise
Issues and Perspectives
Edited by
Robin Williams
Wendy Faulkner
and
James Fleck
MACMILLAN
Selection, editorial matter and Chapter 1
© Robin Williams, Wendy Faulkner and James Fleck 1998
Individual chapters (in order) © Pier Paolo Saviotti; Maureen McNeil;
Robert R. Hoffman; Nigel Shadbolt; Harry Collins (and Roger S. Slack);
James Fleck; Wendy Faulkner; Robin Williams and Rob Procter; Jacqueline
Senker; Graham Spinardi; John Howells; Gillian Hardstone; Joanne
Hartland; Donald MacKenzie 1998
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1998
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
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provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under
the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road,
London WIP 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims
for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as
the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published in 1998 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-13695-7 ISBN 978-1-349-13693-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13693-3
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from
fully managed and sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 321
07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98
Contents
List of Tables Vll
List of Figures ix
List ofA bbreviations xi
Notes on the Contributors X11l
1 Exploring Expertise: Issues and Perspectives
Wendy Faulkner, James Fleck and Robin Williams 1
2 On the Economics of Expertise
Pier Paolo Saviotti 29
3 Gender, Expertise and Feminism
Maureen McNeil 55
4 How Can Expertise be Defined? Implications of Research
from Cognitive Psychology
Robert R. Hoffman 81
5 Building Models of Expertise
Nigel Shadbolt 101
6 Cultural Competence and Scientific Knowledge
Harry Collins (with introduction by Roger S. Slack) 121
7 Expertise: Knowledge, Power and Tradeability
James Fleck 143
8 Knowledge Flows in Innovation
Wendy Faulkner 173
9 Trading Places: A Case Study of the Formation and
Deployment of Computing Expertise
Robin Williams and Rob Procter 197
10 The Contribution of Tacit Knowledge to Innovation
Jacqueline Senker 223
11 Nuclear Weapons Experts: Bomb Building Inside and
Outside the Laboratory
Graham Spinardi 245
v
Vl Contents
12 Management and the Hybridization of
Expertise in Network Design
John Howells 265
13 'You'll Figure it Out Between You':
Problem-Solving with the WEB-8
Gillian Hardstone 285
14 Automating Blood Pressure Measurements
Joanne Hartland 303
15 The Certainty Trough
Donald MacKenzie 325
Author Index 331
Subject Index 335
List of Tables
8.1 Three typologies of technical knowledge 175
8.2 Composite typology of knowledge used in innovation 177
8.3 Gibbons and Johnston (1974) data on content of
knowledge used in innovation by main source 181
8.4 Faulkner, Senker and Velho (1995) data on the impact
of STI on innovative activities, by source 182
9.1 CABINET programming teams 210
9.2 CABINET systems analysts 211
10.1 Categories of knowledge inputs to innovation 231
10.2 Type and sources of scientific and technological inputs (STI)
to innovation 232
VB
List of Figures
5.1 The architecture of ProtoKEW 105
5.2 Knowledge transfonnation methods 107
5.3 Integration of knowledge in
the respiratory diseases domain 109
5.4 Directive models in ProtoKEW III
6.1 The conventional hierarchy of knowledge 129
6.2 Chart showing strength of glass tubes 131
6.3 Tea-laser circuit diagram l32
7.1 Expertise: The knowledge power tradeability trialectic 145
7.2 Winter's taxonomic dimensions of knowledge assets 151
7.3 Vincenti's knowledge categories and
generating activities 152
7.4 Components and contexts of knowledge 153
7.5 Different fonns of the embodiment of knowledge 154
7.6 The credibility cycle 162
7.7 Comparision of expertise 163
9.1 Winstanley's typology of the power of technical occupations
in internal and external labour markets 200
9.2 Categorization of SIM programmer skills 212
9.3 Knowledge networks and interactions
of CABINET staff 215
9.4 The collaborative networks of different
CABINET groups 216
12.1 EFTPOS UK shared processing service (SPS) transactions
processed centrally, banks jointly own infrastructure,
service undifferentiated 271
12.2 Devolved processing service with EFTPOS UK processors
acting as simple switch, transactions processed
in acquiring banks 272
13.1 Diagram of WEB-8 press 287
IX
x List of Figures
14.1 Instructions for volunteers in blood pressure
measuring experiments # 1 307
14.2 Instructions for volunteers in blood pressure
measuring experiments #2 308
14.3 Instructions for volunteers in blood pressure
measuring experiments 309
14.4 DINAMAP monitor oscillometric technique - determining
the systollic, diastolic and mean pressures using the
oscillometric method 316
15.1 The uncertainty trough 325
List of Abbreviations
ATM Automated Teller Machine
BACS Bank Automated Clearing House
BMPS Batch Mainframe Processing System
BP Blood Pressure
BSI British Standards Institute
BSSRS British Society for Social Responsibility in Science
CABINET Customer and Branch Information Network
CDA Corporate Database Access
CKB Common Knowledge Base
CLCB Committee of London Clearing Banks
CPC Computerized Press Control
CSAU Computer Systems Assurance Unit
CSD Computer Services Division
DES Data Encryption Standard
ECC European Community Commission
EFT Electronic Funds Transfer
EFTPoS Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale
ELM External Labour Market
EPOR Empirical Programme of Relativism
EPOS Electronic Point of Sale (electronic cash tills)
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FEDI Financial Electronic Data Interchange
ICBM Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles
IlCA Inter Institutional Collaborative Agreements
ILM Internal Labour Market
JCAE Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
KA Knowledge Acquisition
KADS Knowledge Acquisition and Domain Structuring
KEKB Knowledge Engineering Knowledge Base
MSD Management Services Division
NC Numerical Control
NICS Newly Industrializing Countries
NIDL New International Division of Labour
NSI National System of Innovation
O&M Organization and Methods Department
PDQ Pretty Damn Quick - the Barclays EFPToS Service
PIN Personal Identification Number
Xl