Table Of ContentFORSCHUNGSBERICHTE DES LANDES NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN
Nr. 2513
Herausgegeben im Auftrage des Ministerpräsidenten Heinz Kühn
vom Minister für Wissenschaft und Forschung J ohannes Rau
Peter Colquhoun, Ph. D.
Sirnon Folkard, Ph. D.
Dipl. -Wirtsch. -Ing. Peter Knauth
Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Joseph Rutenfranz
Medical Research Council, Applied Psychology Unit,
Laboratory of Experimental Psychology,
University of Sussex, Brighton, England
Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie
an der Universität Dortmund
Experimental Studies of Shiftwork
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 1975
© 1975 BY Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Ursprünglich erschienen bei Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, Opladen 1975.
ISBN 978-3-531-02513-1 ISBN 978-3-663-20361-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-663-20361-2
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium
on Night- and Shiftwork
under the auspices of the
Subcommittee on Shift Work of the
Permanent Commission and International Association
on Occupational Health
Dortmund, October 29-31, 1974
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C o n t e n t s
RUTENFRANZ, J. and COLQUHOUN, W.P.
Introduction . . • . . . . . . . • • • . • . • . • • • • • • . • . . . • . • . . . . • . . . • 9
I. Effects of sleep deprivation, and of sleep
disturbance caused by phase shifted daily
routine
MILLS, J.N. and FORT, A.
Relative effects of sleep disturbance and
persistent endogenous rhythm after experimental
phase shift ••................ ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • • • . . 11
COLQUHOUN, W.P., HAMILTON, P. and EDWARDS, R.S.
Effects of circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation,
and fatigue on watchkeeping performance during
the night hours . . . . . . . . • . . . • • • . . • . • • . • . • . • . . . . • . . . . . • 20
WEDDERBURN, A.A.I.
EEG and self-recorded sleep of two shiftworkers
over four weeks of real and synthetic work ........•.. 29
EHRENSTEIN, W. and MULLER-LIMMROTH, W.
Changes in sleep patterns caused by shift work
and traffic noise ...•.•••.•••••••••••..••••....•..... 48
KNAUTH, P. and RUTENFRANZ, J.
The effects of noise on the sleep of nightworkers .... 57
II. Adaptation of physiological and performance
functions to phase shifted work under laboratory
conditions
KNAUTH, P. and ILMARINEN, J.
Continuous measurement of body temperature during
a three-week experiment with inverted working
and sleeping hours . . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
RUTENFRANZ, J., KLIMMER, F. and KNAUTH, P.
Desynchronization of different physiological
functions during three weeks of experimental
nightshift with limited and unlimited sleep .•.•.•... 74
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AKERSTEDT, T. and FRÖBERG, J.
Work hours and 24 h temporal patterns in
sympathetic-adrenal medullary activity and
self-rated activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
PÖLLMANN, L.
Continuous measurements of heart and respiratory
rate during a long-term experiment with an
inverted activity cycle .•..........................• 94
KOG!, K., TAKAHASHI, M. and ONISHI, N.
Experimental evaluation of frequent eight-hour
versus less frequent longer night shifts ........•... 103
FOLKARD, S.
The nature of diurnal variations in performance
and their implications for shift work studies ....... 113
GUILLERM, R., RADZISZEWSKI, E. and REINBERG, A.
Circadian rhythms of six healthy young men over
a 4-week period with night-work every 48 h and
a 2 % co2 atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
III. Adaptation of physiological and performance
functions to phase shifted work under field
conditions
0
PATKAI, P., PETTERSSON, K. and AKERSTEDT, T.
The diurnal pattern of some physiological and
psychological functions in permanent night workers
and in men working on a two-shift (day and night)
system .............................................. 131
REINBERG, A., CHAUMONT, A.-J. and LAPORTE, A.
Circadian temporal structure of 20 shift-workers
(8-hour shift-weekly rotation): An autometric
field study •.......................•....••.......... 142
LOBBAN, M.C.
Physiological circadian rhythms in shift-workers
in the high arctic (abstract) ...................... 166
VOKAC, Z. and RODAHL, K.
A field study of rotating and continuous night
shifts in a steel mill .........................•.... 168
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HILDEBRANDT, G., ROHMERT, W. and RUTENFRANZ, J.
The influence of fatigue and rest period on the
circadian variation of error frequency in
shift workers (engine drivers) .••••••••.•••••••••••• 174
MEERS, A.
Performance on different turns of duty within a
three-shift system and its relation to body
temperature- two field studies •••••.••••.••.••••••• 188
TSANEVA, N. and DALEVA, M.
Field study of the diurnal changes of the·
adrenal system 206
IV. Attitudes towards different types of shiftwork,
and individual differences
THIERRY, H., HOOLWERF, G. and DRENTH, P.J.D.
Attitudes of permanent day and shift workers
towards shiftwork- a field study ••••••••••••••••.•• 213
NACHREINER, F.
Role perceptions, job satisfaction and attitudes
towards shiftwork of workers in different shift
systems as related to situational and personal
factors 232
KNOERCHEN, R., GUNDLACH, E.M. and HILDEBRANDT, G.
Circadian variations of visual sensitivity and
vegetative responsiveness to light in man ••••••••••• 244
ÖSTBERG, 0. and SVENSSON, G.
"Functional age" and physical work capacity
dur ing day and night • . • . • • • . • • . • • • • . • • • • • . . • . . . • . • • • 2 54
ILMARINEN, J. , KLIMT, F. and RUTENFRANZ , J.
Circadian variations of maximalaerobicpower ••.•••• 265
ADUM, 0.
Shiftwork of the professional drivers ••.....••.••••• 273
Statement of the Symposium .•••••.•••••••.•.••••...•.••• 277
List of participants • . . • . • • . . . • • • • • • . . • • • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . 27 8
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Introduction
J. Rutenfranz and W.P. Colquhoun
This is the third international symposium on nigh~and shift
work to be organized under the auspices of the Permanent Commis
sion and International Association on Occupational Health. Some
of you were at one or both of the previous two meetings, the
first in Oslo in 1969, and the second in Slanchev Bryag in 1971;
these meetings were most valuable in allowing each of us working
in this area to find out what the others were doing, and to ex
change views on a friendly and informal basis. Each of those
previous meetings resulted in a very useful publication which
summarised, as it were, the 'state of the art' at the time. We
hope that this present gathering will result in a similar publi
cation, bringing us up to date with the latest findings.
You will no doubt have noticed that we have subtitled this meet
ing 'Experimental Studies of Shift-work', and we should perhaps
try to explain why we have done this. It is our view that we
need much more information based on experimental studies of
shift-work before we can feel fully confident in advising in
dustrial and other organizations about their own particular pro
blems in this area.
Now we have to try to explain what we mean by 'experimental'.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines experiment as 'something
done in the hope that it may succeed'. Well we do not like this
definition at all, and this is definitely not what we mean! How
ever, the dictionary goes on to say that an experiment can also
be 'something done to test a theory'. This is rather more like
it, but still not quite what we mean in the present context. We
think of an experiment on shift-work as a study where one con
trols as many factors as possible, then varies one or more of
these factors systematically, and then observes the changes that
result. This necessarily means doing such studies in the labora
tory, because it is simply not possible to control many of the
variables that exist in a factory. So we would like this sympo
sium to be seen as a step towards the formulation of a programme
of laboratory research - a programme which will be clearly rele-
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vant to real-life problems. We emphasise real-life problems be
cause obviously it is essential to know what these are before
one sets up an experiment in the laboratory. Otherwise one
might do a beautiful experiment, the results of which would be
quite valueless in practice. This is why we need those of you
here who have been working 'in the field' to advise those of
us working in the laboratory what are the most important things
for us to do experiments on. We hope that when you have heard
us talk about what we have been doing in the laboratory you
will be able to guide us on what we should do next, and help us
to do better in the future. And, in turn, as we listen to your
papers on what you have been doing in the real world, we will
find out what the situation 'out there' actually is.
Exarnples of the kind of laboratory experiment we are thinking
of are those now being carried out here in Dortmund in this
laboratory, or those done a few years ago by the late Michael
Blake and his colleagues in Carnbridge. By studying subjects in
the laboratory over a long period we can compare, for example,
the effects of different types of shift-system on sleep-pat
terning, on physiological circadian rhythms, and on actual
performance at different kinds of task, and we can do this
without the confounding effects of the multitude of different
social (and other) factors which inevitably influence the Ob
servations made in a factory. Now some of you may argue that
these factors are of great importance in real life, and, of
course, we agree entirely. Nevertheless it is our contention
that it is necessary to study shift-work first in the laboratory,
under controlled conditions, so that we can establish basic
principles. Only then can we go out into the factory and try
to match up these principles with the complex social situation
that inevitably exists there, in order to arrive at an optimurn
solution in any particular case.
Perhaps some of you will disagree with us on this. In a way we
hope you will, because over the next few days we have an ex
cellent opportunity to discuss this question, and some of the
papers we are going to hear may well provide starting points
for such discussion. What we hope we all agree on is that we
have to decide just what the objectives of experimental shift
work studies should be, and the best methods of carrying these
studies out.
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Relative effects of sleep disturbance and persistent endogenous
rhythm after experimental phase shift
J.N. Mills and A. Fort
Introduction
The physiological changes after time shifts have been reported
by Elliott, Mills, Minors and Waterhouse (1972). In that paper
the authors concluded that "the course of adaptation to time
zone shift is irregular and varies widely between individuals".
The present paper presents the psychological findings which
were obtained concomitantly with those physiological changes
and also some results from more recent experiments. Variability
in psychological measurements may be expected to be even grea
ter, particularly since the tests were self-administered.
Experimental design
The base design for these experiments is illustrated schema
tically in figure 1.
ADVANCE RE TARO
SHIFT
SHIFTl ___. ...,_ _______
•••--t••••J-----
SHIFT
SHIFT ....- -----·····
12 24 12 24
TIME ( houts) TIME ( hours)
Fig. 1: The experimental designs: In each quadrant the lines
from above downwards represent the last control day,
shift day (s) and the first experimental day (thick
bar indicates the time allowed for sleep)
On all control days of both series subjects were allowed to
sleep from midnight to 0800 and remained awake from 0800 to mid
night. In the first series the 8h phase shift was accomplished
during the daytime; this resulted in subjects being awake for
only 8h after phase advance whereas they were awake for 24h
