Table Of ContentSP-1231
October 1999
Exobiology in
the Solar
System &
The Search for
Life on Mars
Report from the
ESA Exobiology Team Study
1997-1998
Contact: ESA Publications Division
c/o ESTEC, PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel. (31) 71 565 3400 - Fax (31) 71 565 5433
SP-1231 Exobiology in the Solar System & The Search for Life on Mars
63
2FWREHU
(;2%,2/2*< ,17+(62/$56<67(0
$1'
7+(6($5&+)25/,)(210$56
5HSRUWIURPWKH
(6$ ([RELRORJ\7HDP6WXG\
&RYHU
)RVVLOFRFFRLGEDFWHULD +PLQGLDPHWHUIRXQGLQVHGLPHQW *\UROGIURPWKH
(DUO\$UFKHDQRI6RXWK$IULFD6HHSDJHV
%DFNJURXQG DSRUWLRQRIWKHPHDQGHULQJFDQ\RQVRIWKH1DQHGL9DOOHVV\VWHP
YLHZHGE\0DUV*OREDO6XUYH\RU7KHYDOOH\LVDERXWNPZLGHWKHVFHQHFRYHUV
NPE\NPFHQWUHGRQ1:7KHYDOOH\IORRUDWWRSULJKWH[KLELWVD
PZLGHFKDQQHOFRYHUHGE\GXQHVDQGGHEULV7KLVFKDQQHOVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH
YDOOH\PLJKWKDYHEHHQFDUYHGE\ZDWHUIORZLQJWKURXJKWKHV\VWHPRYHUDORQJ
SHULRGLQDPDQQHUVLPLODUWRULYHUVRQ(DUWK0DOLQ6SDFH6FLHQFH6\VWHPV1$6$
63µ([RELRORJ\LQWKH6RODU6\VWHPDQG7KH6HDUFKIRU/LIHRQ0DUV¶
,6%1
6FLHQWLILF
&RRUGLQDWRUV $QGUp%UDFN%ULDQ)LWWRQDQG)UDQoRLV5DXOLQ
(GLWHGE\ $QGUHZ:LOVRQ
(6$ 3XEOLFDWLRQV'LYLVLRQ
3XEOLVKHGE\ (6$ 3XEOLFDWLRQV'LYLVLRQ
(67(&1RRUGZLMN7KH1HWKHUODQGV
3ULFH 'XWFK*XLOGHUV(85
&RS\ULJKW �(XURSHDQ6SDFH$JHQF\
&RQWHQWV
)RUHZRUG
, $Q([RELRORJLFDO9LHZRIWKH6RODU 6\VWHP
, ,QWURGXFWLRQ
, &KHPLFDO(YROXWLRQLQWKH6RODU6\VWHP
7HUUHVWULDO3UHELRWLF&KHPLVWU\
7HUUHVWULDO3URGXFWLRQRI5HGXFHG2UJDQLF0ROHFXOHV
([WUDWHUUHVWULDO'HOLYHU\RI2UJDQLF0ROHFXOHVWRWKH(DUWK
&KHPLFDO(YROXWLRQRQ2WKHU%RGLHVRIWKH6RODU6\VWHP
7KH,F\%RGLHV&RPHWV(XURSD*DQ\PHGH
7KH1RQ,F\%RGLHV7LWDQ*LDQW3ODQHWV9HQXV
0RRQ0DUV
, /LPLWVRI/LIHXQGHU([WUHPH&RQGLWLRQV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
([WUHPH7HPSHUDWXUH5HJLPHV
+LJK7HPSHUDWXUHV
/RZ7HPSHUDWXUHV
+LJK6DOW(QYLURQPHQWV
$FLGLFDQG$ONDOLQH(QYLURQPHQWV
+LJK3UHVVXUH(QYLURQPHQWV
6XEWHUUDQHDQ/LIH
6XUYLYDORI/LIHIRUPVLQ6SDFH
,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU([RELRORJ\LQ)XWXUH6HDUFKHV
, 0RUSKRORJLFDODQG%LRFKHPLFDO6LJQDWXUHVRI([WUDWHUUHVWULDO/LIH
8WLOLW\RI7HUUHVWULDO$QDORJXHV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
(YLGHQFHRI([WDQW/LIH
7KH0LFURELDO:RUOG
6WUXFWXUDO,QGLFDWLRQVRI/LIH
(YLGHQFHRI0LFURELDO$FWLYLW\DVD)XQFWLRQDO
&KDUDFWHULVWLFRI/LIH
&KHPLFDO6LJQDWXUHVDQG%LRPDUNHUV
,QGLUHFW)LQJHUSULQWVRI/LIH
&RQFOXVLRQV
(YLGHQFHRI([WLQFW)RVVLO([WUDWHUUHVWULDO/LIH
3DOHRQWRORJLFDO(YLGHQFH
0LFURELDOLWHV
&HOOXODU0LFURIRVVLOV
%LRJHRFKHPLFDO(YLGHQFH
6HGLPHQWDU\2UJDQLF&DUERQDVD5HFRUGHU
RI)RUPHU/LIH3URFHVVHV
&&LQ6HGLPHQWDU\2UJDQLF0DWWHU
,QGH[RI$XWRWURSKLF&DUERQ)L[DWLRQ
0ROHFXODU%LRPDUNHUVµ&KHPLFDO)RVVLOV¶
LQ6HGLPHQWV
, 3RWHQWLDO1RQ0DUWLDQ6LWHVIRU([WUDWHUUHVWULDO/LIH
7KH,F\6DWHOOLWHV
(XURSD
*DQ\PHGH
2WKHU,F\6DWHOOLWHV
7LWDQ
7KH7LWDQ$WPRVSKHUH
7KH7LWDQ6XUIDFH
7KH&DVVLQL+X\JHQV0LVVLRQ
, 6FLHQFHDQG([SHULPHQW6WUDWHJ\
:KHUHWR6HDUFK"
:KDWWR6HDUFK)RU"
:KDWWR6HDUFK:LWK"
, 6XPPDU\RIWKH6FLHQFH7HDP5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV
7KH6HDUFKIRU([WDQWDQG([WLQFW/LIH
7KH6WXG\RIWKH3UHFXUVRUVRI/LIH
2UJDQLF&KHPLVWU\3URFHVVHVDQG0LFURRUJDQLVPVLQ6SDFH
/DERUDWRU\EDVHG6WXGLHV
,, 7KH6HDUFKIRU /LIHRQ0DUV
,, ,QWURGXFWLRQ
,, 7KH3ODQHW0DUV
7KH*HRORJ\RI0DUV
9ROFDQLVPDQG7HFWRQLVP
7KH%XON&KHPLFDO&RPSRVLWLRQRI0DUV
7KH*HRFKHPLVWU\RIWKH0DUWLDQ6XUIDFH/D\HUV
:DWHUDQG*URXQG,FH
7KH&OLPDWHRI0DUV
1$6$3URSRVHG6LWHVIRU0DUV([SORUDWLRQ
:DWHUDQGD)DYRXUDEOH(QYLURQPHQW
([SORUDWLRQVIRU([WLQFW/LIH
([SORUDWLRQIRU([WDQW/LIH
1$6$ 3ULRULW\/DQGLQJ6LWHVIRU([RELRORJ\
,, 7KH0DUWLDQ0HWHRULWHV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KH2ULJLQRI61&0HWHRULWHV
7KH0DUWLDQ0HWHRULWHV
([RELRORJ\DQGWKH0DUWLDQ0HWHRULWHV
&DUERQ&RPSRXQGVLQ2WKHU0HWHRULWHV&DUERQDFHRXV&KRQGULWHV
&DUERQ&RPSRXQGVLQ0LFURPHWHRULWHV
,, 7HDP,([RELRORJ\DQGWKH0DUV6XUIDFH(QYLURQPHQW
(QYLURQPHQWVDQG5RFNVZLWK([RELRORJ\3RWHQWLDO
/DFXVWULQH(QYLURQPHQWV
6HENKD(QYLURQPHQWV
7KHUPDO6SULQJ'HSRVLWV
'XULFUXVWV
*ODFLDO'HSRVLWV
3RODU'HSRVLWV
*URXQG,FH3HUPDIURVW
*HQHUDO5HPDUNVRQ6XEVXUIDFH0LFURELDO)RVVLOV
&OLPDWLFDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO0RGHOV
7KH5DGLDWLRQ(QYLURQPHQW
7KH&XUUHQW$WPRVSKHULF5DGLDWLRQ%XGJHW
7KH&XUUHQW3DUWLFOHDQG5DGLDWLRQ(QYLURQPHQW
7KH5DGLDWLRQ(QYLURQPHQWLQWKH3DVW
7KH5DWLRQDOHIRU/DQGLQJ6LWH6HOHFWLRQ
5RYHUVDQG'ULOOLQJ2SHUDWLRQV
/DQGLQJ6LWHV
,, 7HDP,,7KH6HDUFKIRU&KHPLFDO,QGLFDWRUVRI/LIH
6FLHQWLILF2EMHFWLYHV
6DPSOH$FTXLVLWLRQDQG'LVWULEXWLRQ6XEV\VWHP
0LQHUDORJ\3HWURORJ\DQG*HRFKHPLVWU\
0LQHUDORJ\DQG3HWURORJ\
*HRFKHPLVWU\(OHPHQWDO&RPSRVLWLRQ$QDO\VLV
,VRWRSLF$QDO\VLV
&DUERQDQG+\GURJHQ
6XOSKXU
0ROHFXODU$QDO\VLV
,QRUJDQLFV
2UJDQLFV
7KH6HDUFKIRU+RPRFKLUDOLW\
,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQWR6DWLVI\WKH6FLHQWLILF2EMHFWLYHV
6DPSOH$FTXLVLWLRQDQG'LVWULEXWLRQ6XEV\VWHP
0LQHUDORJ\3HWURORJ\DQG*HRFKHPLVWU\
*HQHUDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
2SWLFDO0LFURVFRS\
$OSKD3URWRQ;UD\6SHFWURPHWHU$3;
0|VVEDXHU6SHFWURPHWHU
,RQ(OHFWURQ3UREHV;UD\6SHFWURVFRS\
,56SHFWURVFRS\
5DPDQ6SHFWURVFRS\
,VRWRSLF$QDO\VLV
0ROHFXODU$QDO\VLV
*DV&KURPDWRJUDSK\*&
0DVV6SHFWURVFRS\06
3\URO\VLV3<5
$YDLODEOH3<5*&067HFKQLTXHV
/DVHU$EODWLRQ,QGXFWLYH&RXSOHG3ODVPD06/$,&306
2WKHU7HFKQLTXHV
7KH$QDO\VLVRI+ 2
&KLUDOLW\0HDVXUHPHQWV
%XON&KLUDOLW\0HDVXUHPHQWV
(QDQWLRPHULF6HSDUDWLRQV
5HFRPPHQGHG3D\ORDGDQG7HFKQRORJ\5HVHDUFK3URJUDPPH
,, 7HDP,,,7KH,QVSHFWLRQRI6XEVXUIDFH$OLTXRWVDQG6XUIDFH5RFNV
6FLHQWLILF-XVWLILFDWLRQ
7KH,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI8QZHDWKHUHG5RFN0DWHULDO
,PDJLQJRI)RVVLOLVHG0DWHULDOLQ6HGLPHQWV
0DFURVFRSLF6FDOH
0LFURVFRSLF6FDOH
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI%LRPLQHUDOV
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH5RFN6WUXFWXUH
([WLQFW0LFUREHVLQ5RFN
5RFN)RUPDWLRQDQG&RPSRVLWLRQ
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI6HGLPHQWDU\/D\HULQJ
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH6RLO
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI'XVW3DUWLFOHV
6FLHQWLILF0HWKRGDQG5HTXLUHPHQWV
,QLWLDO6XUYH\DQG7DUJHW6HOHFWLRQ
+LJK5HVROXWLRQ6WXGLHV
6XEVXUIDFH,QYHVWLJDWLRQV
5DPDQ6SHFWURPHWU\
2SWLFDO6SHFWURVFRS\
0|VVEDXHU6SHFWURVFRS\
,56SHFWURVFRS\
7KHUPDO,56SHFWURVFRS\
&KHPLFDO,QVSHFWLRQRI6XEVXUIDFH0DWHULDO
6XPPDU\RI3RVVLEOH,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
6DPSOLQJ$VSHFWV
0RELOLW\5HTXLUHPHQWV
*ULQGLQJ3ROLVKLQJ,PPHUVLRQ
'ULOOLQJDQG'LJJLQJ
6LHYLQJDQG0DJQHWLF6HSDUDWLRQ
&XWWLQJDQG6DZLQJ
'DWD$QDO\VLV
6XPPDU\RI0DMRU&RQFOXVLRQV
,, &RQFOXVLRQV
/DQGLQJ6LWHVIRU([RELRORJ\
7KH6DPSOH$FTXLVLWLRQ'LVWULEXWLRQDQG3UHSDUDWLRQ6\VWHP
6XEVXUIDFH6DPSOH$FTXLVLWLRQDQG3UHSDUDWLRQ
6XUIDFH5RFN6DPSOH$FTXLVLWLRQDQG3UHSDUDWLRQ
6RLO6DPSOHV
7KH([RELRORJ\2EVHUYDWLRQ6\VWHP
7KH([RELRORJ\$QDO\VLV6\VWHP
$ 3RVVLEOH([RELRORJ\([SHULPHQW3DFNDJH
DQG2SHUDWLQJ$UUDQJHPHQW
$QQH[7HDP,9$ 0DQQHG0DUV6WDWLRQDQG([RELRORJ\5HVHDUFK
)25(:25'
7KH([RELRORJ\6FLHQFH7HDPZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ6HSWHPEHUE\'U3&ODQF\
RI(6$¶V'LUHFWRUDWHRI0DQQHG6SDFHIOLJKWDQG0LFURJUDYLW\7KHWDVNRIWKH7HDP
ZDVWRVXUYH\FXUUHQWUHVHDUFKLQH[RELRORJ\DQGUHODWHGILHOGVDQGWKHQWRPDNH
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVWR(6$ RQWKHQDWXUHRIDIXWXUHVHDUFKIRUOLIHHOVHZKHUHLQWKH
6RODU6\VWHP,QFDUU\LQJRXWWKDWWDVNWKH7HDPKDVEHQHILWHGFRQVLGHUDEO\IURPWKH
FRQWULEXWLRQVSURYLGHGE\PDQ\RWKHUH[SHUWVDVOLVWHGEHORZ
)URPDVFLHQWLILFSRLQWRIYLHZLWLVSUREDEO\WKHILUVWWLPHLQUHFHQW\HDUVWKDWWKH
YDULRXVUHOHYDQWDVSHFWVLQYROYHGLQDSRWHQWLDOVHDUFKIRUOLIHHOVHZKHUHKDYHEHHQ
EURXJKWWRJHWKHUDQGH[DPLQHGLQVXFKGHWDLOLQ(XURSH/LNHZLVHWKLVLVWKHILUVW
DWWHPSWWRRXWOLQHZKDWH[RELRORJ\VSDFHH[SHULPHQWVPLJKWUHDVRQDEO\EHSODQQHG
JLYHQWKHOLPLWHGUHVRXUFHVFXUUHQWO\DYDLODEOHLQ(XURSHIRUQHZYHQWXUHVKRZHYHU
H[FLWLQJWKH\PD\EH
7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVILUVWVWXG\DUHSUHVHQWHGLQ3DUW ,)RUWKLVSDUWWKH7HDP
FRPSULVHG
&KDLUPDQ $QGUp%UDFN&HQWUHGH%LRSK\VLTXH0ROpFXODLUH&1562UOpDQV
)UDQFH
3DWULFN)RUWHUUH,QVWLWXWGH*pQpWLTXHHW0LFURELRORJLH8QLYHUVLWpGH3DULV
6XG2UVD\)UDQFH
*HUGD+RUQHFN,QVWLWXWHRI$HURVSDFH0HGLFLQH'/53RU]:DKQ*HUPDQ\
&ROLQ3LOOLQJHU3ODQHWDU\6FLHQFHV5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\
0LOWRQ.H\QHV8.
0DQIUHG6FKLGORZVNL0D[3ODQFN,QVWLWXWIU&KHPLH$EWHLOXQJ%LRFKHPLH
0DLQ]*HUPDQ\
+HLQULFK:lQNH0D[3ODQFN,QVWLWXWIU&KHPLH$EWHLOXQJ.RVPRFKHPLH
0DLQ]*HUPDQ\
6HFUHWDU\ %ULDQ)LWWRQ(XURSHDQ6FLHQFH&RQVXOWDQWV6DVVHQKHLP
1HWKHUODQGV
:LWKWKHIRORZLQJFRQWULEXWRUV
1DWKDOLH&DEURO6SDFH6FLHQFH'LYLVLRQ1$6$$PHV0RIIHWW)LHOG
&DOLIRUQLD86$
,JQDVL&DVDQRYD,QVWLWXWHIRU6SDFH6WXGLHV8QLY3ROLWHF&DWDOXQ\D
%DUFHORQD6SDLQ
$XJXVWLQ&KLFDUUR6SDFH6FLHQFH'HSDUWPHQW(67(&1RRUGZLMN
1HWKHUODQGV
$WKHQD&RXVWHQLV'(63$2EVHUYDWRLUHGH3DULV0HXGRQ)UDQFH
*(JOLQJWRQ%ULVWRO8QLYHUVLW\%ULVWRO8.
0)HQ]L7HFKQRVSD]LR0LODQ,WDO\
+8.HOOHU0D[3ODQFN,QVWLWXWIU$HURQRPLH/LQGDX*HUPDQ\
$OH[DQGUD0DF'HUPRWW&KHPLVWU\'HSDUWPHQW&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\
&DPEULGJH8.
0LFKHO0DXUHWWH&61602UVD\&DPSXV2UVD\)UDQFH
-3DUNHV%ULVWRO8QLYHUVLW\%ULVWRO8.
)UDQFRLV5DXOLQ/,6$&1568QLYHUVLWpVGH3DULV &UpWHLO)UDQFH
'DYH5RWKHU\(DUWK6FLHQFH'HSW2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\0LOWRQ.H\QHV8.
'LGLHU6FKPLGW6SDFH6FLHQFH'HSDUWPHQW(67(&1RRUGZLMN1HWKHUODQGV
$ODQ6FKZDUW]/DERUDWRU\IRU(YROXWLRQDU\%LRORJ\)DFXOW\RI6FLHQFH
8QLYHUVLW\RI1LMPHJHQ1HWKHUODQGV
$6WHHOH'HSWRI&KHPLVWU\8QLYHUVLW\RI3RUWVPRXWK3RUWVPRXWK8.
$ PDMRURXWFRPHZDVWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQWRVHHNHYLGHQFHRIH[WLQFWOLIHEHORZ
WKHVXUIDFHRI0DUVXVLQJDJURXSRIVL[LQVWUXPHQWV$OORIWKHVHDUHDGDSWDWLRQVRI
LQVWUXPHQWVWKDWDUHHLWKHUXQGHUGHYHORSPHQWRUKDYHDOUHDG\IORZQRQRWKHUVSDFH
PLVVLRQV7RJHWKHUWKH\IRUPDQLQWHJUDWHGSDFNDJHRIDQDO\VLVHTXLSPHQWWKDW
63
VKRXOGEHDEOHWRSURYLGHDFRQYLQFLQJDQVZHUWRWKHTXHVWLRQµ,VWKHUHHYLGHQFHKHUH
DWWKLVSDUWLFXODUODQGLQJVLWHRISUHYLRXVRUH[LVWLQJOLIH"¶ 7KDWLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
V\VWHPLVSURYLVLRQDOO\QDPHGµ3DVWHXU¶WRFRPPHPRUDWHDJUHDWVFLHQWLVWZKR
SURYHGWKDWOLIHH[LVWHGZKHUHRWKHUVVDZRQO\FKHPLVWU\,IWKH3DVWHXUSDFNDJHFDQ
SURYHWKHVDPHRQ0DUVWKHQWKHHIIRUWDQGFRVWWR(XURSHZLOOKDYHEHHQZHOO
UHZDUGHG6KRXOGWKHUHVXOWEHFRQFOXVLYHO\QHJDWLYHWKHQWKDWWRRLVRIYDOXH%XW
PRUHWKDQWKDWWKHHQRUPRXVDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVXEVXUIDFHJHRFKHPLVWU\
DQGPLQHUDORJ\ZKLFKZLOOEHDFTXLUHGDVSDUWRIWKHVHDUFKIRUH[WLQFWOLIHZLOOLQ
LWVHOIEHDPDMRUVFLHQWLILFDFKLHYHPHQW
7RDFFRPPRGDWHWKLVLQVWUXPHQWSDFNDJHD0DUV/DQGHUFDSDEOHRIDVRIWWRXFK
GRZQLVUHTXLUHG7KHSRVVLELOLW\RIDGGLQJLWWR(6$¶V0DUV([SUHVVPLVVLRQ
VFKHGXOHGIRUODXQFKLQ-XQHLVEHLQJLQYHVWLJDWHG
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHSURSRVHG0DUVH[SHULPHQWVWKH7HDPDOVRUHFRPPHQGHG
FRQWLQXLQJVXSSRUWIRUSURJUDPPHVWKDWDUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHEDVLF
PHFKDQLVPVOHDGLQJWROLIHWKHVXUYLYDELOLW\DQGHIIHFWVRIWKHVSDFHHQYLURQPHQWRQ
PLFURRUJDQLVPVWKHDGDSWDWLRQRIOLIHWRH[WUHPHHQYLURQPHQWVDQGWKHVHDUFKIRU
PHWHRULWHVDPSOHVRI0DUVVHGLPHQWDU\URFNV
+HQFHWKHUHLVDVWURQJLQWHUHVWLQ(6$¶V5RVHWWDPLVVLRQWR&RPHW:LUWDQHQ
ZKLFKRIIHUVWKHSURVSHFWRIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHUDQJHRIRUJDQLFVLQERGLHVWKDWPD\
KDYHFRQWULEXWHGWKHSUHFXUVRUVRIOLIHRQ(DUWK7KH&DVVLQL+X\JHQVPLVVLRQWR
VDPSOHWKHDWPRVSKHUHDQGVXUIDFHFRPSRQHQWVRI7LWDQLVDOVRRILQWHUHVWWR
H[RELRORJ\IRULWVLQVLJKWLQWRDZRUOGULFKLQK\GURFDUERQV/LNHZLVHWKHFXUUHQW
H[SHULPHQWVRQ0LUDQGIXWXUH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6SDFH6WDWLRQH[SHULPHQWVFRQFHUQHG
ZLWKWKHUHVSRQVHRIPLFURRUJDQLVPVWRVSDFHFRQGLWLRQVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKH
SKRWRFKHPLVWU\RIRUJDQLFVXQGHUVSDFHLUUDGLDWLRQDUHRIFRQWLQXLQJIXQGDPHQWDO
LPSRUWDQFHWRH[RELRORJ\
/LIHDQGLWV5HTXLUHPHQWV
$Q\GLVFXVVLRQRQKRZWRVHDUFKIRUOLIHPXVWVWDUWIURPDGHILQLWLRQRIZKDWDFWXDOO\
FRQVWLWXWHVOLIH3UREDEO\WKHVLPSOHVWVWDWHPHQWLVWKDWOLIHWRDVFLHQWLVWLVEDVLFDOO\
DFKHPLFDOV\VWHPWKDWLVDEOHWRWUDQVIHULWVPROHFXODULQIRUPDWLRQYLDVHOIUHSOLFDWLRQ
DQGWRHYROYHYLDPXWDWLRQV
)RUOLIHDVZHNQRZLWWRHPHUJHWKHUHPXVWEHOLTXLGZDWHU1RWSXUHZDWHUIRU
DORQJZLWKWKHQHFHVVDU\UHGXFHGRUJDQLFPROHFXOHVWKHUHZLOOQHHGWREHDQ
DVVRFLDWLRQZLWK&1+26DQG3 DWRPV,QDQ\FDVHOLIHKDVFRQWLQXHGWRGHYHORS
YHU\ZHOOLQZDWHUWKDWLVYHU\DFLGLFDONDOLQHRULVDVWURQJEULQHVROXWLRQ,WKDVDOVR
VXUYLYHGDQGIORXULVKHGLQZDWHUDWWHPSHUDWXUHVDERYH�&
7KHIDFWWKDWHYLGHQFHRIFRPSOH[PLFURELDOOLIHLVWREHIRXQGRQ(DUWKVWUHWFKLQJ
EDFNVRPHPLOOLRQ\HDUV±WRZLWKLQDERXWPLOOLRQ\HDUVRILWVIRUPDWLRQ±
VKRZVWKDWLWHPHUJHGYHU\HDUO\DQGWKDWRQFHHVWDEOLVKHGLWSURYHGWREHDGHSWDW
HYROYLQJDQGDGDSWLQJWRDZLGHUDQJHRIFKDQJLQJSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOFRQGLWLRQV
7KHGLVFRYHU\RIDQDFWLYHELRVSKHUHVHYHUDOKXQGUHGPHWUHVEHORZWKH(DUWK¶V
VXUIDFHLVZLWQHVVWRWKLVLQFUHGLEOHGLYHUVLW\DQGDGDSWDELOLW\RIOLIH
2WKHUELRPDUNHUV±VLJQDWXUHVRIOLIH±FRPPRQWRDOOOLIHDVZHNQRZLWDWSUHVHQW
LQFOXGHWKHSUHIHUHQWLDOLVRWRSLFIUDFWLRQDWLRQRIFDUERQ7KH & &UDWLRLQ
VHGLPHQWDU\RUJDQLFFDUERQDVFRPSDUHGWRWKHVDPHLVRWRSLFUDWLRIRUFRH[LVWLQJ
FDUERQDWHFDUERQSURYLGHVDUHPDUNDEO\FRQVLVWHQWVLJQDORIELRORJLFDOFDUERQ
IL[DWLRQZKLFKKDVEHHQVKRZQWRVWUHWFKEDFNRYHUVRPHPLOOLRQ\HDUVRIWKH
IRVVLOUHFRUGRIPLFURELDOOLIHRQ(DUWK7KHRULJLQRIWKLVIUDFWLRQDWLRQLQIDYRXURI
&LQWKHELRORJLFDOSDWKZD\RIFDUERQIL[DWLRQGHULYHVIRUWKHPRVWSDUWIURPD
NLQHWLFLVRWRSHHIIHFWLPSRVHGRQWKHILUVW&2 ±IL[LQJHQ]\PDWLFFDUER[\ODWLRQ
UHDFWLRQRIWKHSKRWRV\QWKHWLFSDWKZD\7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKLVELRPDUNHUDQGRI
RWKHUSRWHQWLDOLVRWRSLFELRPDUNHUV+12DQG6LVRQHRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKH
LQFOXVLRQRIDJDVFKURPDWRJUDSKPDVVVSHFWURPHWHULQWKHVXLWHRILQVWUXPHQWV
UHFRPPHQGHGIRUDQ\H[RELRORJ\SDFNDJH
$QRWKHUUHDVRQIRULWVLQFOXVLRQLVWRLGHQWLI\WKHRUJDQLFFRPSRXQGVUHOHDVHGE\