Evidence-based dermatology

682 Pages·2014·22.87 MB·English

by  Hywel C. Williams et al. (eds.)

Evidence-based Dermatology
Third edition
Dedication
We, the editors, dedicate this book to our patients who have helped us to understand what it is really
like to have a skin disease, and who have helped us to identify the questions that matter to them.
Evidence-based dermatology starts with patients and ends with patients. If we lose our compassion for
patients, we become a sounding brass or a tinkling cymbal.
Evidence-based
Dermatology
Third Edition
Edited by
Hywel C. Williams DSc, FRCP
Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Michael Bigby MD
Department of Dermatology
Harvard Medical School
and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Andrew Herxheimer MB, FRCP
UK Cochrane Centre
Oxford, UK
Luigi Naldi MD
Centro Studi Gruppo Italiano Studi Epidemiologici in Dermatologia
Department of Dermatology
Ospedali Riuniti
Bergamo, Italy
Berthold Rzany MD, ScM
RZANY & HUND
Privatpraxis für Dermatologie und Ästhetische Medizin
Berlin, Germany
Robert P. Dellavalle MD, PhD, MSPH
Department of Dermatology
University of Colorado Denver
Aurora, USA
Yuping Ran
Department of Dermatovenereology
West China Hospital
Sichuan University
Chengdu, P. R. China
Masutaka Furue
Department of Dermatology
Graduate School of Medical Sciences
Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku
Fukuoka, Japan
This edition first published 2014, © 2003 BMJ Publishing Group, 2008, 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Evidence-based dermatology (Williams)
Evidence-based dermatology / edited by Hywel C. Williams ; associate editors, Michael Bigby [and six others]. – Third edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-35767-5 (cloth)
I. Williams, Hywel C., editor of compilation. II. Bigby, Michael E., editor of compilation. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Skin Diseases. 2. Evidence-Based Medicine. WR 140]
RL71
616.5–dc23
2013049542
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in
electronic books.
Cover image: © iStock/AnnettVauteck
Set in 9/11 pt MinionPro-Regular by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2014
Contents
Contributors, viii 12 What makes a good case series?, 54
Foreword, xii Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby
Preface, xiv 13 What makes a good prevalence survey?, 58
Hywel C. Williams
About the companion website, xv
14 Critical appraisal of pharmacoeconomic studies, 62
Rajini K. Murthy, Laura K. DeLong, and Suephy C. Chen
PART I
15 Comparative effectiveness research: what it is and how to
The concept of evidence-based dermatology
assess its quality, 66
Andrew Herxheimer, editor
Junko Takeshita and Joel M. Gelfand
1 The field and its boundaries, 3
16 Outcome measures, 71
Luigi Naldi
Alain Dupuy, Emilie Sbidian, and Sylvie Bastuji-Garin
2 The rationale for evidence-based dermatology, 7
17 Where does qualitative research fit into evidence-based
Hywel C. Williams and Michael Bigby
dermatology?, 75
3 The role of patient and public involvement in evidence-based Ray Jobling and Luigi Naldi
dermatology, 12
18 Applying the evidence back to the patient, 79
Carron Layfield, Amanda Roberts, Jason Simons, Colette
Hywel C. Williams
O’Sullivan, Anjna Rani, and Kim Thomas
4 The Cochrane Skin Group, 17
Finola Delamere, Liz Doney, Laura Prescott, and Shirley
PART III
Manknell
The evidence
PART II SECTION 1: Common inflammatory skin diseases
The critical appraisal toolbox Luigi Naldi, editor
Michael Bigby, editor 19 Acne vulgaris, 87
5 Formulating well-built clinical questions, 25 Michael Romano and Robert P. Dellavalle
Michael Bigby and Berthold Rzany 20 Papulopustular rosacea, 106
6 Finding the best evidence, 27 Alfredo Rebora and Francesco Drago
Michael Bigby and Rosamaria Corona 21 Perioral dermatitis, 112
7 The hierarchy of evidence, 30 Vincenzo Bettoli, Stefania Zauli, and Annarosa Virgili
Michael Bigby 22 Hand eczema, 117
8 Appraising systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 33 Wietske A. Christoffers, Marie-Louise Anna Schuttelaar, and
Michael Bigby and Hywel C. Williams Pieter-Jan Coenraads
9 How to critically appraise a randomized controlled trial, 39 23 The primary prevention of atopic dermatitis, 127
Hywel C. Williams Joanne R. Chalmers, Sam F. Bremmer, and Eric L. Simpson
10 Assessing and explaining the evidence on harms of medical 24 Atopic eczema, 136
interventions, 46 Kim Thomas, Carolyn Charman, Helen Nankervis, Jane
Luigi Naldi Ravenscroft, and Hywel C. Williams
11 How to evaluate diagnostic tests, 50 25 Seborrheic dermatitis, 169
Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby Mauro Picardo and Norma Cameli
v
vi Contents
26 Treatment of psoriasis, 175 49 Leprosy, 407
Alexander Nast, Phyllis Spuls, and Tamar Nijsten Saumya Panda
27 Lichen planus, 200 50 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 421
Laurence Le Cleach and Olivier Chosidow Urbà González, Armando Ruiz-Baqués, and Jorge Alvar
28 Acute urticaria, 206 51 Scabies, 432
Torsten Schäfer Ian F. Burgess
29 Chronic urticaria, 210 52 Head lice, 441
Karsten Weller and Marcus Maurer Ian F. Burgess and Ciara S. Casey
53 Insect bites and stings, 451
SECTION 2: Skin cancer, moles, and actinic keratoses
Belen Lardizabal Dofitas
Robert Dellavalle, editor
SECTION 4: Disorders of pigmentation
30 Primary prevention of skin cancer, 223
Hywel C. Williams, editor
Monika Janda and Adèle C. Green
54 Vitiligo, 464
31 Treatment of cutaneous melanoma, 231
Juan Jorge Manriquez and Sergio M. Niklitschek
Mary Ann N. Johnson and April W. Armstrong
55 Melasma, 470
32 Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, 241
Asad Salim, Ratna Rajaratnam, and Eva Soos Domanne
Louise Lansbury, William Perkins, and Fiona Bath-Hextall
33 Basal cell carcinoma, 250 SECTION 5: Common ailments with significant
cosmetic impact
Fiona Bath-Hextall and William Perkins
Berthold Rzany, editor
34 Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 264
Fiona Child and Sean Whittaker 56 Male and female androgenetic alopecia, 486
Hans Wolff and Kathrin Giehl
35 Actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease, 283
Sasha N. Jenkins, Maren Speck, and Suephy C. Chen 57 Alopecia areata, 490
Rod Sinclair
36 Kaposi sarcoma, 303
Whitney A. High 58 Evidence-based treatment of hirsutism, 498
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi and Natalie Garcia-Bartels
37 Melanocytic nevi, 313
Varun Shahi and Jerry D. Brewer 59 Focal hyperhidrosis, 504
Kave Shams and Berthold Rzany
SECTION 3: Infective skin diseases, exanthems, 60 Dermal fillers, 512
and infestations Stephanie Ogden and Tamara Griffiths
Masutaka Furue and Yuping Ran, editors
61 Reducing mimic wrinkles and folds with botulinum
38 Local treatments for cutaneous warts, 320 toxin A, 516
Juping Chen and Yan Wu Berthold Rzany
39 Molluscum contagiosum, 329 SECTION 6: Other important skin disorders
Minh L. Lam Michael Bigby, editor
40 Impetigo, 337 62 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 523
Sander Koning, Renske van der Sande, Lisette W.A. van Susan Jessop and David Whitelaw
Suijlekom-Smit, and Johannes C. van der Wouden
63 Dermatomyositis, 531
41 Athlete’s foot, 341 Ruth Ann Vleugels, David F. Fiorentino, and Jeffrey P. Callen
Inajara Rotta, Michel F. Otuki, and Cassyano J. Correr
64 Acquired subepidermal bullous diseases, 545
42 Pityriasis versicolor, 345 Gudula Kirtschig, Vanessa Venning, Nonhlanhla P. Khumalo,
Nancy Habib and Michael Bigby and Fenella Wojnarowska
43 Onychomycosis, 349 65 Pemphigus, 552
Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Maryse Paquet, and Linda K. Martin, Brian R. Sperber, Dedee F. Murrell, and
Fiona Simpson Victoria P. Werth
44 Tinea capitis, 364 66 Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 561
Urbà González Misha Rosenbach and Joseph C. English III
45 Deep fungal infections, 371 67 Erythema multiforme, 575
Roderick J. Hay Pierre-Dominique Ghislain and Jean-Claude Roujeau
46 Streptococcal cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg, 378 68 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis,
Vinod E. Nambudiri and Michael Bigby 578
47 Exanthematic reactions, 388 Jean-Claude Roujeau, Pierre-Dominique Ghislain, and
Sandra R. Knowles and Neil H. Shear Laurence Valleyrie-Allanore
48 Herpes simplex, 396 69 Polymorphic light eruption, 586
Vera Mahler Robert S. Dawe
Contents vii
70 Infantile hemangiomas, 590 PART IV
Hossain Shahidullah The future of evidence-based dermatology
71 Pruritus, 595 Luigi Naldi, editor
Elke Weisshaar and Gil Yosipovitch 75 Where do we go from here?, 637
72 Vulval lichen sclerosus, erosive lichen planus, and Hywel C. Williams
vulvodynia, 615
Rosalind C. Simpson, Ruth Murphy, and David Nunns Subject Index, 644
73 Venous ulcers, 624
Jonathan Kantor, David J. Margolis, and Douglas J. Pugliese
74 Other skin diseases for which trials exist, 632
Sinéad Langan and Hywel C. Williams
Contributors
Joerg Albrecht Ciara S. Casey Robert S. Dawe
Department of Medicine and Division of Dermatology, Insect Research & Design Limited, Cambridge, UK Department of Dermatology, University of Dundee,
John Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
USA Sir Iain Chalmers
Founding Director of the UK Cochrane Centre and Finola Delamere
Jorge Alvar Editor of the James Lind Initiative, James Lind Cochrane Skin Group, Centre of Evidence Based
Leishmaniasis Clinical Program, Drugs for Neglected Initiative, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford, Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham,
Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland UK UK
April W. Armstrong Joanne R. Chalmers Robert P. Dellavalle
Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado
Denver Health System, Denver, CO, USA Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
Sylvie Bastuji-Garin Carolyn Charman Laura K. DeLong
Université Paris Est (UPEC), LIC, EA4393, 94010 Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Department of Dermatology, Emory University School
Créteil, France; AP-HP, hôpital Henri Mondor, Service Nottingham, Nottingham, UK of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
de Santé Publique, 94010 Créteil, France
Juping Chen Belen Lardizabal Dofitas
Fiona Bath-Hextall Department of Dermatology, Second Clinical Medical Department of Dermatology, St. Luke’s Medical Center,
Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China E. Rodriguez Blvd., Quezon City, Philippines;
Nottingham, Nottingham, UK University of the Philippines College of Medicine &
Suephy C. Chen Philippine General Hospital, Metro Manila, Philippines
Vincenzo Bettoli Department of Dermatology, Emory University School
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Liz Doney
Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Cochrane Skin Group, Centre of Evidence Based
Arcispedale S.Anna, Ferrara, Italy Fiona Child Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham,
UK
St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s and St
Michael Bigby Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School Francesco Drago
and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Olivier Chosidow Clinica Dermatologica, Department of Health,
MA, USA University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Groupe Hospitalier
Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Satellite of the
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi Cochrane Skin Group, Créteil, France; Université Paris Alain Dupuy
Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité- Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France; INSERM, Dermatology Department and Pharmacoepidemiology
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Centre d’Investigation Clinique 006, APHP, Créteil, Unit, Rennes-1 University, University Hospital,
France Rennes, France
Sam F. Bremmer
Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science Wietske A. Christoffers Joseph C. English III
University, Portland, OR, USA Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh
University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Jerry D. Brewer Netherlands
Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, David F. Fiorentino
MN, USA Pieter-Jan Coenraads Department of Dermatology, Stanford University
Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Ian F. Burgess University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,
Insect Research & Development Limited, Cambridge, Netherlands Natalie Garcia-Bartels
UK Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-
Elizabeth A. Cooper Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Jeffrey P. Callen Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Ontario, Canada
Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville Joel M. Gelfand
School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA Rosamaria Corona Department of Dermatology, University of
Wolters Kluwer Health, Waltham, MA, USA. Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine,
Norma Cameli Philadelphia, PA, USA
Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Cassyano J. Correr
Gallicano Dermatological Institute (IRCCS), Elio Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Paraná,
Chianesi, Rome, Italy Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
viii