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Mario Bertolotti · Concita Sibilia
Angela M. Guzmán
Evanescent Waves in Optics
An Introduction to Plasmonics
MarioBertolotti AngelaM.Guzmán
“LaSapienza”SBAI PhysicsDepartment
UniversityofRome NationalUniversityofColombia
Rome Bogotá
Italy Colombia
ConcitaSibilia
“LaSapienza”SBAI
UniversityofRome
Rome
Italy
ISSN 0342-4111 ISSN 1556-1534 (electronic)
SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences
ISBN 978-3-319-61260-7 ISBN 978-3-319-61261-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-61261-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954456
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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Preface
The quest for ever smaller optical systems has brought us to devices of the dimen-
sion of a wavelength or less, down to nanometres. Far-field optics is to a great
extentincompatiblewithstructuresofthatsize,andonemustthusturntonear-field
optics and surface evanescent waves, optical waves that propagate only along, and
whoseenergyisspatiallyconcentratedintheimmediatevicinityofasurface.
The basic nature of evanescent waves has been known for decades, but they
have found little application until recently. We now know that these waves allow
theoperationofalargenumberofdevices,andthattheycanbeemployedinover-
comingtheclassicalRutherford-Abbe’sresolutionlimit.
Evanescent waves travelling on the surface of metals or semiconductors are
called plasmons. Plasmons seem to be the best solution for the building and man-
agement of nanoscale devices in which, for example, light is coupled into and out
of an optical fibre and shrink in a structure much smaller than the vacuum wave-
length. The new discipline of plasmonics encompasses the generation and use of
plasmons both as a travelling excitation in a nanostructure and as a stationary
enhancementoftheelectricalfieldnearmetalnanosurfaces.
In this short monograph we present an introduction to evanescent waves and
plasmons,discussingtheirpropertiesanduses,andshowinghowtheyareoffunda-
mentalimportancetotheoperationandunderstandingofnanoscaleopticaldevices.
Unlike some of the specialized textbooks listed in the references, this book is
not exhaustive in its treatment of plasmonics; rather, it is intended to provide the
reader with a general survey of the field and the state of the art, including the
underlyingphysicsandapplicationsofevanescentwavesandplasmons.Itisafirst
approach,notanexhaustivetextbook.
The bookisorganized soastooffer inChap.1,a briefreview ofthe basiccon-
cepts of electromagnetism that will be needed in subsequent chapters. The second
chapterintroducesevanescentwavesinthemostnaturalwaythroughreflectionand
refraction and shows how they appear in diffraction problems. In the third chapter,
the important role that evanescent waves play in optical waveguides and sensors is
discussed. The application of evanescent waves in super-resolution devices is then
briefly presented in chap. IV. Plasmons are the most important manifestation of
v
vi Preface
evanescentwavesandformthesubjectofchap.V,whilesomeoftheirapplications
are presented in chap. VI. In working with very small devices, one must always
bearinmindthatquantumeffectsmayplayasignificantroleindeterminingdevice
behaviour. The last chapter, therefore, discusses quantization of evanescent waves
andthepossibilityofsinglephotonplasmonicdevices.
The book is intended for students and researchers who wish to enter the field of
plasmonicsortogaininsightintothesubjectandcanserveasanintroductiontomore
completeandin-depthdiscussionsthatcanbefoundinmanyexcellenttextbooks.
Twooftheauthors(MBandCS)wishtothankthehelpofAlessandroBelardini
forreadingthemanuscriptandmakingsomefigures.
TheworkandhelpofthewholestaffofSpringerisgratefullyacknowledged.
Rome,Italy,May8,2017 MarioBertolotti
ConcitaSibilia
AngelaM.Guzmán
Contents
1 BasicElectromagnetism .................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................ 1
1.2 MaxwellEquations................................... 1
1.3 Waves ............................................ 2
1.4 PhaseVelocity...................................... 4
1.5 Dispersion ......................................... 5
1.6 Drude-LorentzModelforMetals......................... 9
1.7 PulsesandGroupVelocity ............................. 14
1.8 Polarization ........................................ 16
1.9 JonesMatrices,StokesParametersandthePoincarèSphere..... 19
1.10 OpticallyAnisotropicMedia............................ 23
1.11 Chirality........................................... 29
1.12 GaussianBeams..................................... 31
2 EvanescentWaves....................................... 35
2.1 Introduction ........................................ 35
2.2 ReflectionandRefraction.............................. 35
2.3 EvanescentWaves ................................... 45
2.4 EnergyTransportbyEvanescentWaves ................... 49
2.5 TunnellingEffect .................................... 50
2.6 ReflectionandRefractioninthePresenceofAbsorption....... 51
2.7 ReflectionandRefractionwithMaterialswithNegative
RefractiveIndex..................................... 55
2.8 X-rayEvanescentWaves .............................. 57
2.9 ReflectionandRefractionofPlaneWavesataBoundaryBetween
anIsotropicandaBirefringentMedium ................... 59
2.10 ThePlaneWaveDecompositionofaField ................. 60
2.11 TheClassicalLimitofResolutionExplained................ 62
2.12 ReflectionandRefractionofGaussianBeams............... 64
2.13 EvanescentWavesinDiffraction ........................ 65
vii
viii Contents
3 EvanescentWavesinOpticalWaveguides .................... 69
3.1 Introduction ........................................ 69
3.2 PlanarWaveguides................................... 69
3.3 CouplingofLighttoaPlanarWaveguide.................. 81
3.4 CouplingofTwoWaveguides........................... 86
3.5 OpticalFibres....................................... 88
3.6 MultilayersandPBG ................................. 93
3.7 TheRoleofEvanescentWavesinWaveguideSensors ........ 106
4 HighResolutionOpticalMicroscopes........................ 111
4.1 Introduction ........................................ 111
4.2 ScanningNear-fieldOpticalMicroscopy(SNOM)............ 112
4.3 ScanningTunnellingOpticalMicroscope(STOM) ........... 118
4.4 TotalInternalReflectionFluorescence(TIRF)............... 122
5 Plasmons .............................................. 127
5.1 Introduction ........................................ 127
5.2 PlasmonSolutions ................................... 128
5.3 BulkPlasmons...................................... 130
5.4 SurfacePlasmonPolaritons(SPPs)....................... 131
5.5 PropertiesofPlasmons................................ 136
5.6 ExcitationandCouplingofPlasmons ..................... 139
5.7 MultilayerSystems................................... 144
5.8 LocalizedSurfacePlasmons ............................ 150
5.9 SurfacePhononPolaritonsinDielectricsandSemiconductors... 156
5.10 ThePlasmonsinOpticalNonlinearMaterials ............... 160
5.11 OtherSurfaceWaves ................................. 162
6 ApplicationsofPlasmons ................................. 169
6.1 Introduction ........................................ 169
6.2 SurfaceEnhancedRamanScattering(SERS)................ 170
6.3 SurfacePlasmonSensors .............................. 173
6.4 ExtraordinaryOpticalTransmissionThroughArraysofSub-
wavelengthHoles.................................... 177
6.5 SurfacePlasmonCircuitry ............................. 182
6.6 PlasmonLasersandSPASER........................... 188
6.7 PlasmonsforSolarCells............................... 198
6.8 PlasmonMicroscopy ................................. 201
6.9 Black-bodySpatialandTemporalCoherence ............... 202
6.10 ControlledThermalEmissionUsingPlasmaResonances....... 208
7 QuantizationofEvanescentWaves.......................... 209
7.1 Introduction ........................................ 209
7.2 QuantizationoftheElectromagneticFieldinOneDimension ... 211
7.3 QuantumStatesoftheElectromagneticField ............... 215
7.4 QuantizationoftheElectromagneticFieldinLossless
DielectricMedia..................................... 219
Contents ix
7.5 Whatarephotons? ................................... 226
7.6 TheProblemofLocalizingPhotons ...................... 228
7.7 ExpansionoftheFieldandTheirOrthonormalization ......... 229
7.8 QuantizationofEvanescentWaves....................... 232
7.9 PlasmonsinBulkMetals .............................. 239
7.10 SurfacePlasmonPolaritons............................. 241
7.11 LocalizedSurfacePlasmonResonances ................... 248
7.12 AbsorptionofEvanescentPhotonsandStimulatedEmissionof
SurfacePlasmons.................................... 250
7.13 PlasmonsandQuantumInformation...................... 251
Index..................................................... 257
