EVALUATION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND INSECTICIDES AS GRAIN PROTECTANTS AND

198 Pages·2001·1.61 MB·English

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BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAF EATING
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N CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura Fabricius ON CASTOR,
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Ricinus communis Linnaeus
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KANANI MAYURKUMAR KANTILAL
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( B. Sc. (Agri.)
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

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B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
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M ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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GUJARAT (INDIA)
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2013

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BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAF EATING
CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura Fabricius ON CASTOR,
Ricinus communis Linnaeus
A
THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE
ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
Master of Science
(AGRICULTURE)
IN
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
BY
KANANI MAYURKUMAR KANTILAL
B. Sc. (Agri.)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
ANAND – 388 110
GUJARAT (INDIA)
2013
(Registration No. 04-1564-2011)
BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAF EATING
CATERPILLAR, Spodoptera litura Fabricius
ON CASTOR, Ricinus communis Linnaeus
Name of student Major Advisor
Kanani Mayurkumar Kantilal Dr. P. K. Borad
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
ANAND – 388 110 (GUJARAT, INDIA)
A B S T R A C T
Investigations on biology and management of leaf eating
caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius on castor, Ricinus communis
Linnaeus were carried out at B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand during 2012-13.
The newly hatched larvae (1st and 2nd instar) feed gregariously
on under surface of leaves by scraping its surface in the early stage.
The third, fourth and fifth instar larva became voracious feeders and
they produce regular holes on the leaves leaving the veins. The feeding
was observed severe during night time and they hide in soil during
day time.
The female moths laid the eggs in masses on lower surface of
the tender leaves. The freshly laid eggs were nearly round in shape,
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… ...Abstract
pale green in colour, whole egg mass were covered with brown hair like
scale. The tip of eggs became black in colour prior to hatching.
Larva passed through six instars. The freshly hatched first
instar larva was whitish and turned yellowish green in colour. The
larva in second instar slightly increased in size having light green to
dark green in colour, three pairs of black thoracic legs and prolegs
were present in the abdomen. Third and fourth instar larva were
similar to second instar and also found the prominent black spot on
each side of first eight abdominal segments. The yellow and green
lines observed from head to caudal region on body of the larvae. Dark
patches also observed on mesothorax. The larvae became dark green
in colour. The fifth instar larva was yellowish brown in colour and row
of black dots run along with its side. The full-grown sixth instar larva
became plumpy, stout, smooth and cylindrical in shape. The colours
of the larvae were velvety black or blackish green.
The length of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth instar
larva was 1.87 + 0.11, 3.87 + 0.07, 10.3 + 0.09, 19.52 + 0.16,
26.60 + 0.14 and 36.90 + 0.68 mm, whereas it was 0.43 + 0.08,
0.78 + 0.02, 1.30 + 0.14, 2.20 + 0.18, 3.02 + 0.16 and 6.50 + 0.42
mm in case of breadth, respectively. The width of the head capsule of
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… ...Abstract
respective instars was 0.38 + 0.02, 0.57 + 0.05, 0.73 + 0.03,
1.28 + 0.03, 1.96 + 0.04 and 2.91 + 0.05 mm, respectively.
When the larva became full-fed, pre-pupal stage was initiated. It
was marked by ceased of feeding, become darker and wrinkled,
contracted their body became sluggish and suspended feeding and
movement. The length and breadth of pre-pupae was 24.71 + 1.58
and 4.06 + 0.32 mm, respectively. The duration of pre-pupae was
2.36 + 0.49 days. Pupa was soft and green or pale brown in colour
initially. Later on, the pupa turned shiny red in colour, broadly
rounded anteriorly and tapered posteriorly and has a sharp spine at
the posterior end. The length of male and female pupa was
21.02 + 1.18 and 22.28 + 0.79 mm, whereas breadth was 5.54 + 0.46
and 5.80 + 0.49 mm, respectively. The duration of male and female
pupa was 8.60 + 0.71 and 9.52 + 0.96 days, respectively.
The posterior part (abdomen) of the male was narrower and
pointed in shape while in case of female posterior part (abdomen) was
stout. The longevity of male and mated female adult was 8.28 + 0.89
and 11.24 + 1.36 days, respectively. The length of male and female
was 19.20 + 0.86 and 22.28 + 0.79 mm, respectively.
The duration of egg, larva, pre-pupa, male pupa, female pupa,
pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition was 3.24 + 0.88,
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… ...Abstract
18.04 + 2.03, 2.36 + 0.49, 9.52 + 0.96, 8.60 + 0.71, 1.44 + 0.51,
7.60 + 1.12 and 2.16 + 0.80 days, respectively. The fecundity was
301.67 + 30.61 eggs per female. The total life span for male and female
was 37.60 ± 2.08 and 40.28 ± 2.32 days, respectively. The sex ratio
(male : female) was 1 : 1.30 under laboratory.
The activity of S. litura started from 39th standard meteorological
week (4th week of September) and continued till 2nd standard
meteorological week (2nd week of January) with a peak activity during
45th standard meteorological week (1st week of November). The higher
incidence of the pest was noticed during 43rd to 49th standard
meteorological week (4th week of October to 1st week of December).
Wind speed and evening relative humidity were highly significant
negatively correlated with S. litura population and leaf damage. Mean
relative humidity had significant negative association with S. litura
population and highly significant negative correlation with leaf
damage. Mean vapour pressure deficit had highly significant positive
correlation with S. litura population while significant positive
relationship with leaf damage. The larval population of S. litura and
leaf damage showed positive correlation with evaporation, maximum
and mean temperature and morning vapour pressure deficit while
negative correlation with rainfall, morning relative humidity, morning,
evening and mean vapour pressure but non-significant.
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… ...Abstract
Of the nine biocides evaluated against S. litura infesting castor,
Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus @ 250 LE/ha and
Beauveria bassiana (0.4%) were effectively manage the incidence of S.
litura on castor. These two biocides produced higher (26.77 to 28.33
q /ha) yield of castor. In the above treatments, yield increase over
control ranged from 81.30 to 91.88 per cent, whereas avoidable losses
were up to 7.18 per cent. The NICBR was noted 1 : 35.38 and 1 :
24.01 in effective biocides of Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyhedrosis
Virus @ 250 LE/ ha and Beauveria bassiana @ 0.4 % , respectively.
Among the nine synthetic insecticides tested against S. litura on
castor, chlorantraniliprole 20 SC @ 0.006% and emamectin benzoate 5
WG @ 0.002% performed better to protect the castor crop. These two
insecticides produced higher (31.10 to 31.83 q /ha) yield of castor. In
the above treatments, yield increase over control ranged from 21.24 to
90.48 per cent, whereas avoidable losses were up to 2.29 per cent. The
NICBR was recorded 1 : 11.92 and 1 : 11.78 in effective treatments of
emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole, respectively.
v
Dr. P. K. Borad
Professor & Head
Department of Entomology
B. A. College of Agriculture
Anand Agricultural University
Anand - 388 110 Gujarat (India)
C E R T I F I C A T E
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “BIOLOGY
AND MANAGEMENT OF LEAF EATING CATERPILLAR,
Spodoptera litura Fabricius ON CASTOR, Ricinus
communis Linnaeus” submitted by Kanani Mayurkumar
Kantilal (Reg. No. 04-1564-2011) in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of
Science (Agriculture) in Agricultural Entomology of the
Anand Agricultural University is a record of bonafide
research work carried out by him under my guidance and
supervision and the thesis has not previously formed the
basis for the award of any degree, diploma or any other
similar title.
Place : Anand (P. K. Borad)
Date : / /2013 Major Guide
DECLARATION
This is to declare that the whole of research work reported
herein the thesis for partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
degree of Master Of Science (Agriculture) in Agricultural
Entomology by the undersigned is a result of investigation done by
me under direct guidance and supervision of Dr. P. K. Borad,
Professor & Head, Department of Entomology, B. A. College of
Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand - 388 110 and no
part of work has been submitted for any other degree so far.
Place : Anand (Kanani Mayur K.)
Date : /05/2013
Counter signed by
(P. K. Borad)
Major Guide and
Professor & Head
Department of Entomology
B. A. College of Agriculture
Anand Agricultural University
Anand - 388 110