Europeanization and European Integration: From Incremental to Structural Change

199 Pages·2014·2.095 MB·English

by  Ramona Coman, Thomas Kostera, Luca Tomini (eds.)

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MANAGEMENTANDCULTUREINANENLARGEDEUROPEANCOMMISSION
FromDiversitytoUnity?
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CONTROLLINGCOMITOLOGY
AccountabilityinaMulti-LevelSystem
RamonaComan,ThomasKosteraandLucaTomini(editors)
EUROPEANIZATIONANDEUROPEANINTEGRATION
FromIncrementaltoStructuralChange
VéroniqueDimier
THEINVENTIONOFAEUROPEANDEVELOPMENTAIDBUREAUCRACY
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Europeanization and
European Integration
From Incremental to Structural Change
Editedby
Ramona Coman, Thomas Kostera and Luca Tomini
UniversitélibredeBruxelles,Belgium
Selectionandeditorialmatter©RamonaComan,ThomasKostera
andLucaTomini2014
Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2014
Foreword©ClaudioRadaelliandSabineSaurugger2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-32549-5
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Contents
ListofFiguresandTables vii
Foreword viii
Acknowledgements xi
NotesonContributors xiii
1 ConcordiaDiscorsfromCumulativeEuropeanizationto
DeeperEuropeanIntegration 1
RamonaComan
Part I EuropeanizationasStageofIntegration:
ReshapingEuropeanPolitics,PolityandPolicies
2 RethinkingtheRelationshipbetweenEuropeanizationand
EuropeanIntegration 15
RobertLadrech
3 EuropeanizationasaFoundationoftheEuropean
Construction 29
Marie-EveBélanger
4 StillinSearchofEuropeanization:FromLimitedto
StructuralChange? 50
RamonaComanandAmandineCrespy
5 DivergentDemocracies?TheLimitsoftheCurrent
PoliticalIntegration 71
LucaTomini
Part II IncrementalEuropeanization:Breaking
ExistingResistancesandPathDependencies
6 StructuralBrakesonEuropeanizationofHealthCare
inAustria 91
ThomasKostera
7 ‘Fast-Forward’Europeanization:WelfareStateReformin
LightoftheEurozoneCrisis 108
StellaLadiandPaoloR.Graziano
v
vi Contents
8 EuropeanizationasaConceptualMirage?FromVariables
toActors:TheCaseoftheFoodSafetyReforms 127
ThomasAlam
9 Europeanization:SurfaceEffectsandDeeperRealitiesin
theEEAStates 152
MagnúsÁrniMagnússon
10 Conclusions 171
RamonaComan,ThomasKosteraandLucaTomini
Index 178
Figures and Tables
Figures
3.1 TheEuropeanCommunityasdefinedintheSchuman
Declaration 41
3.2 Europeanizationdiscourse 41
8.1 Structureofriskanalysis(FAO/WHO,1997,p.20) 135
9.1 AttitudestowardsIceland’smembership/membership
applicationtotheEC/EU1989–2013 160
9.2 TheuseofthewordsEvrópubúiandEvrópumaður
(‘aEuropean’),excludingthe‘neutral’category 166
9.3 AcomparisonbetweenIceland’stwomainnewspaperson
theuseofthewordsEvrópubúiandEvrópumaður
(‘aEuropean’)intheyears2005and2011 167
Tables
3.1 NegotiationperiodsleadingtoEUmembership 43
3.2 EuropeanizationdiscoursethroughouttheEuropean
enlargementsEuropeanizationdiscourse 45
9.1 Numberofarticlesanalysedineachperiod 162
9.2 Categoriesusedandtheirfrequencyineachperiod 164
vii
Foreword
EuropeanizationresearchisandremainsacrucialapproachforEuropean
studies. When it appeared in the 1990s, it allowed, better than any
other approach, to link the domestic level of policy-making – state,
sub-state and non-state actors – to the European level of where politi-
calinstitutionalizationtookplace.Itallowedspecialistsincomparative
politics and public policy to look at the effects of the integration pro-
cess on domestic political systems by drawing on a range of models
and propositions developed within mainstream political science, thus
avoidingadhocconjecturesandidiosyncraticlanguage.Inasense,the
Europeanization turn made European integration scholarly work less
isolatedfromcomparativepoliticsandpublicpolicyanalysis,andmore
integratedwiththesedisciplinesandinternationalrelations.
The most recent history of European integration, its constitu-
tional and financial crises, has shown how useful the Europeanization
approach has become in order to structure our understanding of the
influencedifferentgovernancelevelsexertonthewayEuropeanactors
address these crises. If anything, the crisis has shown the importance
of considering the so-called domestic level as something more than
an arena that merely ‘responds to’ or ‘implements’ EU-level decisions.
ScholarsofEuropeanizationarewellpositionedtoexplainwhyandhow
domestic political actors, bureaucracies and pressure groups edit, rein-
vent and even re-appropriate EU policy when it hits the ground of the
memberstatesandtheirregionalauthorities.Havinglearnedaboutthe
limitedeffectsofEuropeanization,thesescholarsarealsoinagoodposi-
tiontotalkabouthowlittlesomecountrieshavechangedtorespondto
the logic of Economic and Monetary Union and the ambition of the
LisbonAgendaforcompetitivenessandgrowth.
However, a number of dark zones remain in Europeanization
research and need to be dealt with. One of them is the relation-
ship between Europeanization and European integration theory. Can
empirical evidence on Europeanization lead us to a reformulation
of Europeanization theories? Which theories are more challenged
by the findings of Europeanization studies, and why? Can limited
Europeanization lead to steps ahead in European integration – as a
viii
Foreword ix
response to a crisis of Europeanization – and therefore across time
generatemoreEuropeanization?
For the last 15 years, definitions of Europeanization, known as
bottom-up and top-down mechanisms, have opposed each other; and
a third one, a so-called circular Europeanization approach, considering
different levels to be influenced and to be influential, has encoun-
tered methodological difficulties. But we need to take broader views of
Europeanization,endogenizingcontestationofEuropeanpublicpolicy,
aswellasaddressingthelegitimacyof‘more’or‘less’Europeanization.
There is less interest in definitions, and more interest in accurate find-
ings on compliance, adaptation to Europe and the reinvention or
re-appropriation of European public policy at the national or regional
level. Finally, if actors’ constellations, mechanisms of interaction and
therelationshipbetweenagencyandinstitutionalstructurearedecisive
in explaining the Europeanization outcome, we need to draw on dif-
ferent disciplines, most importantly political sociology and analytical
sociology. Instead, up until recently, the field has been dominated by
politicalscience.
This book aims to offer some avenues to overcome these difficulties.
Withoutconcentratingonaspecificpolicy,oronaspecificsectorofpub-
licpolicy,itispartofanewgenerationofEuropeanizationscholarswho
argue, rightly so, that Europeanization cannot be only a bottom-up or
top-downquestion.Thescholarsshowinthiscollectivevolume,under
thedirectorshipofRamonaComan,ThomasKosteraandLucaTomini,
how, empirically and conceptually, the influence of the domestic and
Europeanlevelsmustbeseenasreciprocal.Processesarenotonesided:
they are interdependent. Without ever going back to a simple micro-
sociological description, the authors of this collective volume apply
processtracingmethodsandtheinsightsofpoliticalsociologytotackle
thechallengeofexplanation.Theypointtothreekeyelements:timing,
comparison and power games amongst actors. These three elements,
althoughimplicitlypresentinallEuropeanizationresearch,arethemain
charactersinthedifferentstoriesthroughoutthevolume.Inthissense
theyrefertoearlierresearchthathasevenquestionedthenotionoftwo
distinctarenasbyobservingthat‘the[domesticandEU]levelsarenoth-
ing but playing fields, where actors move between one and the other,
and play with them’. Indeed, at the beginning of the 2000s, publica-
tions have looked at Europeanization as creative usages of Europe and
therelationsbetweenwinnersandlosers.Inthisunderstanding,domes-
tic actors draw on EU resources and, by using transformative strategies
(includingdiscourse),modifypowerrelations.Thus,insteadofacausal