Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries

146 Pages·2001·5.99 MB·English

by  John D. Zizioulas

John D. Zizioulas
Metropolitan of Pergamon
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EUCHARIST, BISHOP, CHURCH:
THE U NITY OF THE CHURCH IN THE DIVINE EUCHARIST AND
THE B ISHOP D URING THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES
•
translated by
Elizabeth Theokritoff
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•
•
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HOLY CROSS ORTHODOX PRESS
Brookline, Massachusetts
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CONTENTS
Preface 1
Preface to the Second Edition 5
Abbreviations 8
INTRODUCTION: The unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist
and the Bishop as a fundamental historical question 9
PART ONE
PRESUPPOSITIONS: The Relationship Between Church, Eucharist
and Bishop in the Consciousness of the Primitive Church 43
1. The Divine Eucharist and "The Church of God" 45
2. The "President" of the Eucharist as "Bishop"
of the "Church of Gcid" 59
•
•
PART Two
FORMATION: Unity in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop,
and the Formation of the "Catholic Church" 85
1. One Eucharist - One Bishop In Each Church 87
2. The Divine Eucharist, the Bishop and the Unity of the
"Catholic Church." Implications of Unity in the Eucharist
and the Bishop for the Formation of the Catholic Church 107
PART THREE
DEVELOPMENTS: The Development of the One Eucharist
"Under the Leadership of the Bishop" 'Into Many Eucharistic
Assemblies Led by Priests. The Emergence of the Parish and Its
Relationship to the Unity of the Episcopal Diocese 195
1. The Emergence of the Parish 197
2. The Appearance of the Parish and the Unity of the Church
in "One Eucharist, Under the Leadership of the Bishop" 218
General Conclusions 247
Selected Bibliography 265
P REFACE
Althou gh this w ork is historical in its method and con
tent, it is not a p rodu ct of historical curiosity. At a time when
chu rch unity occupies an increasingly central place in theo
logical study, the contribution of our theology is required
not simply as an academic d emand, but also a fundam ental
d ebt owed to the Church.
In order to fulfil the d emand and pay the debt, our theol
ogy can n o longer fa ll back on the sources of its own
confessional riches. The gradual abandonment of the con
• fessional m entality of p ast generations and the recognition
of the need for our theology to be an expression not of one
confession but of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church
herself, now directs the course of theological study towards
the sources of the ancient undivided Church . A Church
which, in spite of all the disputes and conflicts by which she
was often shaken, was always well aware of wha t is m eant
by the catholic consciousness of the Church. This holds true,
most especially for the study of the unity of the Church which
aims to p rovide our divid ed Christian world w ith tha t
supra-confessional thread which will help it to rediscover
and actualize its unity through· the midst of its various divi-
Sl• ons.
For those coming from the Orthod ox tradition, a reliable
m ethod of turning towards the sources of the ancient undi
vid ed Church is through study of the liturgical life of our
Church . The reproach leveled a t ou r Church that she has re
m ained through the centuries a "community of worship"
today, proves to be the best guarantee of a sure route back to
the consciousness of the ancient undivided Church. For the
liturgical life of our Church w hich is characterized by its con
ser vatism and traditional character has not su ccumbed to
1
Preface
2 3
EUCHARIST, BISHOP, CHURCH
overloading with non-essential later elements, but contin is obvious that these questions concern only one aspect of
ues to reflect in a changing contemporary world the one, holy, the very broad subject of the Church's unity. This must be
catholic and apostolic Church of every age, worshipping in underlined here, in order not to lay the study open to being
one body. misunderstood as "one-sided" in the position it takes towards
It is within this general orientation, and encouraged by the unity of the Church. There, certainly, remain many as
the flourishing revival in biblical, patristic and liturgical stud pects of this very broad subject which are not covered by
ies in our own day, that this study has been written. Without this study, and which await investigation. But awareness of
inappropriately and unthinkingly serving confessional ends, this fact does not negate the author's conviction that at least
the author has taken as his starting point the fundamental for him, living as he does within the Orthodox milieu, it was
importance of the Eucharist and the Bishop for the unity of impossible to do other than give absolute priority to this as
pect of the subject.
the Church as this is recognized especially in the conscious
ness of the Orthodox Church. For it is unnecessary to stress Apart from these purely practical limitations, this study
that out of the entire Christian world, Orthodoxy alone has is also limited by its methodology and the chronological lim
kept the Eucharist and the Bishop in such a central place in its to its sources. It is natural that anything relating to the
its own consciousness. And if this has been forgotten by cer unity of the Church should touch on problems in many
tain Orthodox theologians, it has nevertheless always branches of theology and raise questions belonging to vari
remained in the consciousness of the people of Orthodox ous different theological concerns. Without underrating the
piety for whom "the Church" is identified in its concrete sense importance of these questions, the author has consistently
with the church building in which the Eucharist is celebrated, distanced himself from the contemporary debate and, in con
and in the vaulted domes of which, as a distinguished con ducting his research, has bypassed the theories of modern
temporary Byzantinist has remarked, "the whole (of the theologians concerning the unity of the Church. He has taken
architecture and decoration) represents the very Kingdom a purely historical vantage point and turned to the sources
of God Whose 'realm' the Church is in microcosm, with the not only for his answers, but also for his questions. It has,
communion of saints as the subjects of Christ Pantocrator." therefore, been judged essential in the lengthy introduction
The living and mystical depiction of the "communion of to this book to clear the ground of our research from modern
saints", i.e. of the body of the Church, in eucharistic wor schemes within which the subject of the Church's unity has
ship, in which the bishop's throne rules as "the place of God" been imprisoned and which historiography, in an inadmis
according to St Ignatius, reveals the "Eucharist under the sible betrayal of any notion of historical method, has
leadership of the bishop" as a living symbol and practical habitually transferred to the study of the ancient Church.
expression of the unity of the Church. Confining itself to a strict examination of the sources, this
Starting from these observations, this study aims to place study has drawn on contemporary literature only selectively
in the light of the consciousness of the early Church the whole and as a subsidiary source. The literature relating to the
relationship connecting the unity of the Church with the Church of the first three centuries is a veritable labyrinth out
,
Eucharist and the Bishop. Did this relationship exist in the of which the scholar can find his way only by being strictly
early Church, and to what extent? Was such a relationship of selective if he wants to avoid becoming embroiled in discus
decisive importance for the formation of the early catholic sion with his contemporaries to the detriment of a correct
Church, and what specific implications did it have for that understanding of the historical sources. But this selection
Church's consciousness concerning unity? Such were the requires a knowledge of the literature and demands pains
basic questions that the present study set itself to address. It taking effort. The extent of the bibliography at the end of
Preface to the II Edition 5
4
E UCHARIST, B ISHOP, CHURCH
drafts and followed the progress of the study, giving invalu
this book and the number of footnotes show how little we
able help from his rich literary and theological resources. To
have succeeded in our aim of restricting the literature u sed.
all of these and many others who indirectly and in various
As to the chronologicallirnits on the sources for this w ork,
w ays contributed to the appearance of this w ork, the expres
these have dictated them selves in the course of research. The
sion of m y gratitude rep ays only a sm all part of an unpaid
great figure of St Cyprian and the whole p eriod to w hich he
d ebt.
belongs form a landmark in the history of ecclesiology, while
J.
the full development during this time of the axiom ecclesiam D . Z .
in episcopo et episcopum in ecclesia esse naturally presents the
scholar studying the subject of this work with the first mile PREFACE To THE SECOND EDITION (I990)
stone of an entire p eriod. The three parts of our study are
devoted resp ectively to the presuppositions, the formation The reception accorded to the present w ork was su ch that
and the developments in our subject during this p eriod . The it long ago w ent out of print. The repeated calls from vari
continuation of this endeavor into the sources from the fourth ous quarters for the book to be republished accorded with
century onwards a task which, fortunately, is infinitely easier the author 's own d esire to add some chapters to the study
owing to the abundance of extant sources, has yet to be ac which he considered indisp ensable for its completion, and
complished. to furnish the whole w ork with a new bibliography. Unfor
This study owes its completion and publication to the tunately, because of the time such an undertaking w ould
blessing of God , which is manifested throu gh m any people. require, it w as proving ever m ore impracticable, and became
The writing of it was mad e possible thanks to the abundant virtually impossible after the author took on ecclesiastical
research material available a t Harvard University which gave obligations and duties in addition to his acad emic responsi
hospitality to the author for many successive years. The pres bilities about three years ago. There w as thus nothing to be
en ce at tha t univer sity of distinguished professors, in d one but to reprint the w ork as it was, m erely with the cor
p articular G. Florovsky, G. Williams and K. Stendahl, was a rection of some printing errors and omissions in the original
font of inspiration and encouragement during the entire edition .
course of the research . Again, the submission of this study Tw o observations con tributed decisively to the decision
as a d octoral dissertation at my own alma mater, the Theo to reprint this w ork. The first is academic in nature, and con
logical School of the University of A thens, p rovided the sists in the fact that even though 25 years have passed since
opportunity for some valuable suggestions and comments this study w as first published and m any other studies relat
from the faculty there. The author is, therefore, d eeply grate ing to its subject have appeared in the m ean time, the basic
ful, both for the trouble they took w ith him as teachers, and theses of this work are still sound and need no revision. It
for all they did particularly for the present work, according could indeed be said that the whole course of research inter
it the honor of unanimous approval. Wallnest thanks are due nationally since this study was w ritten has confirmed its
especially to m y adviser Professor Gerasimos Konidaris both theses w ith the result that they have becom e quite widely
for his kind introduction to the School and for all his invalu and in ternationa lly known and are now often regarded as
able help. Finally, the original publication of this work w ould commonp lace. This was an encouraging factor in the d eci
•
not have been possible but for the generous and touching sion to reprint this book even in its original form.
finan cia l s uppo r t o f M e tropo litan Pa nte le imo n of The second observation w hich contributed d ecisively to
Thessaloniki a nd of Metropolitan Dionysios of Servies and the reprinting of this w ork is ecclesiastical in nature. The Or
Kozani w ho ungrudgingly took great tro uble reading the thodox Church, particularly in Greece, is today going through
6 Preface to the IT Editio!1 7
E UCHARIST, BISHOP, CHURCH
a critical period which, if the necessary care is not taken by Secondly, under the influence of a revival of the "charis
the Church leadership, will soon lead to a crisis in institu matic" element in contemporary Orthodoxy - or rather of
tions with unforeseen consequences for the doctrinal purity the emphasis placed on it because that element had never
and substance of the Orthodox Church in that country. The disappeared from the life of the Church - the institutional
characteristics of this critical period could be summarized in aspect of ecclesiology tends to be relegated to second place.
the following pOints. Orthodoxy tends to be turned into an ideology. It is forgot
Firstly, under the influence of the modern spirit of so ten that Orthodoxy is Church, and tha t the Church is a
called"d emocratic" tendencies, the institution of episcopacy, community with a specific structure, and that this structure
which had in the past been identified with "despotism" is, is episcopocentric. Everything that is performed in the Church,
today, experiencing a severe crisis. Many priests, a large part including those manifestations considered most "spiritual"
of the lay faithful and many bishops, too, do not know what and "charismatic" (not that there is anything in the Church
exactly the task and the institution of the bishop consists in, that is non-charismatic or non-spiritual) such as spiritual fa
and how it is connected with the doctri!1al substance of the therhood, confession etc., all stem from the bishop and have
Church. Unfortunately, many Orthodox have it firmly en need of his approval and permission. Never in the past,
trenched in their mind that the the bishop is in essence an throughout the long history of the Orthodox Church, was it
administrator, and that in his liturgical function, including possible to exercise spiritual fatherhood without express
indeed the Divine Eucharist, he is not a person constitutive of episcopal permission in writing. Only in our day do we have
the Mystery but more or less decorative someone who is in a superabundance of "charismatics" who are active and carry
vited to "embellish" the whole service by his presence and on their spiritual work Simply by right of their priesthood or
his vestments. Precisely because of the w eakening of the their "gifts", without it being clear tha t everything in the
ancient conception which this work demonstrates in such Church is done in the name of the bishop. In this way the
detail, namely, that the bishop is in essence the only presi Orthodox laity begins to get accustomed to situations which
dent of the Divine Eucharist and that no Divine Liturgy is threaten to blow up the foundations of Orthodoxy as it has
thinkable without reference to the bishop in whose name it been passed down to us, and we knew it only a generation
is celebrated, ordination as priest has come to be regarded ago.
by many as sufficient for someone to celebrate the Divine The present work, grounded as it is in the sources of the
Eucharist and transmit grace to the people without any clear first centuries, is made available in its reprinted form in
d ependence on his bishop. This idea can be seen at its ulti fulfilment of the au thor's d ebt to the holy Orthodox Church
mate extreme in cases where the Divine Liturgy is celebrated as a bishop and as a theologian. The scholarly grounding of
witho ut the commemora tion of a bishop! When this its conclusions seeks to persuade any sincere reader, Ortho
"presbyterianism" is permitted (a "presbyterianism" which, dox or not, that Orthodoxy, not as ideology but as Church, as
thanks to the influence of Orthodox theology, is starting to founded on the teaching and the blood of a St Ignatius of
be questioned even by Protestants today), it threatens the Antioch, an Irenaeus or a Cyprian, is the One, Holy, Catholic
doctrinal foundations of the Church as they were laid down and Apostolic Church because it possesses the truth not only
during the first centuries. In her attempt to avoid the Scylla in its teaching but also in its structure. It is the duty of Or
of "desp otism", the Church is in danger of falling into the thodoxy to bear witness to this everywhere in the critical
Charybdis of a sort of "presbyterianism" if the proper place period through which we are now passing.
of the bishop in the Church is not brought to people's aware +John of Pergamon
ness.
ABBREVIATIONS
I NTRODUCTION
Vivliotheke EllenOl! Pateran kai Ekklesiastikon
VE.PA.D.
The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop as
Syngrapheon. Ed. Apostoliki Diakonia, Greece,
a Fundamental Historical Question: Methodological Principles and
1955 et seq.
Scope of the Subject
Dictionnaire d' Archeologie chretienne et de
D.A.e.L.
Throughout the entire period of the first three centuries,
Liturgie, 1907 et seq.
unity was bound up at the deepest level with the faith, the
D.D.e. Dictionnaire de Droit canonique, 1924 et seq.
prayers and the activities of the Church. 5t John's Gospel
D.Te. Dictionnaire de Thi!ologie catholique, 1923 et seq.
reflects this fact when it presents the unity of the Church as
Epistemonike Epeteris tes Theologikes Scholestou
E.E.Th.5.
an agonized petition in the prayer of the Lord .' The Acts of
Panepistemiou Athenon
the Apostles expresses the same reality when they emphati
Epistemonike Epeteris tes Theologikes Scholes tou
E.E.Th.5.Th.
cally stress unity as the element characteristic of the Church's
Panepistemiou Thessalonikes
life in her first years' while the existence of a "theology of
Konidaris, General Church History from Jesus
G.C.H.G.
unity" at a period as early as that of 5t Paul's Epistles' can
Christ to our own times (in Greek), I, 19572,
not be interpreted otherwise than as an indication of the
L.T.K. Lexikon fUr Theologie und Kirche, 1957 et seq.
importance which the Church from the beginning attached
PG. Migne, Patrologia, series graeca
to her unity. During the years following apostolic times, the
Migne, Patrologia, series latina
PL.
Church regarded her unity as a matter of constant concern
KG.G. Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 19091
,
and an object of vehement faith. The texts of the so-called
19272,1959' et seq.
Apostolic Fathers present the unity of the Church as an ob
Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament,
TW.N.T.
ject of teaching, and something for which they struggled
G. Kittel- G. Friedrich, 1933 et seq.
against every divisive force'Around the end of the second
Zeitschrif/ fiir neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
Z.N.T.W.
century, Irenaeus attempts in a work especially devoted to
und die Kunde der iilteren Kirche, 1900 et seq.
the subject to show that the Church was and has been pre
Z.K.T Zeitschrif/ fiir katholische Theologie, 1873 et seq.
served as one,' and that unity constitutes the necessary
condition for her existence.' A few generations la ter, 5t
Cyprian devotes a special study to the subject of church unity7
while in the various credal documents, unity early assumes
the character of an article of faithS
Once one sees the tremendous importance of unity for
the Church of the first three centuries, the question arises for
history - was this unity a historical reality, or was there sim-
9
Introduction 11
10
EUCHARIST, B ISHOP, CHURCH
ply an unfulfilled d esire and a nostalgic quest for a unity qSO
which p roved in reality a p erpetually and IncreasIngly unat
If we attempt to penetrate quite deeply into the bod y of
tainable ideal? As we shall see below, almost all m odern
Western Theology in recent years, we shall discover that its
historiography has contributed through its various theses to
writing of church history is still working within schemes and
a picture of the Church of the first three centunes as a SOCI
presuppositions the foundations of w hich were laid d own
ety from the first deeply divided in su ch a way as to create
in the last cen tur y without really having been revised since
the impression that schism was an innate part of the Church
in the light of more recent d ata. These schem es and presup
orgam• sm . .
p ositions within which unity in the Eu charist and in the
There are thus two aspects to the overall theme of the unity
Bishop can find no p lace might be summarized as follows
of the Church. One concerns the ideal or the teaching of the
on the basis of a critical review of the principal p ositions
early Church concerning her unity. The other concerns what
adopted by m od ern historiography.
the Church experienced as unity during the period under ex
a) Under the influen ce of the Tiibingen School which
amination . The first them e m ay b e ch aracterized as the
looked at primitive Christianity throu gh the len s of id eal
theology of unity as it was conceived and formulated b y the
ism, as a projection of certain ideas and values in history, the
early Church. The second constitutes the hIstory of umty as It
unity of the Church was placed on foundations such that it
can be reconstructed from study of the sources with the aid
was natural for the Eucharist and the Bishop to be w holly
of o.bjective historical research.
absent. In the whole conception of the subject of church unity,
It is precisely within the context of this historical problem
it is ideas that dominate. Through being placed in the fram e
of the existence and form of unity in the Church that the sub
w ork of the Hegelian schem e of the p hilosophy of history,
ject of the present w ork finds its place. If, during the highly
the w hole question of church unity was presented as a syn
-
critical first three centuries examined here, the Church exp e
thesis of ideological currents which had long been fighting
rien ced h er unity as a historical rea lity, w h a t w as the
each other. Well-known is the theory of F. C. Bauer and the
significance of the Eucharist and the Bishop who led it for
Tiibingen School. According to which, on the basis of St Paul's
the expression of this reality? Church histon ography In re
Epistle to the Galatians, early Christianity exhibited the form
cent years has attached no importance to this question. If we
thesis-antithesis-synthesis. The first two elem,ents being be
follow its d evelopment, we shall be amazed at the lack of
ing represented resp ectively by the "Jewish Christianity" of
any kind of historical study of this subject even in recent years
the Church of Jerusalem and the "Hellen izing Christianity"
when church unity has occupied a central place In theologI
of Paul, and the synthesis being achieved only in the person
cal concerns. Why, when so much has been written about
of Irenaeus9 This approach to the subject of unity in early
unity, has virtually nothing been written specifically about
Christianity has been m aintained by church historians of the
unity in the Eu charist and in the Bishop? ThIS perpleXIng
generations following Bauer even to this d ay. It is notewor
omission has a substantial influence on the Importance of
thy that distinguished modern historians continue to talk
our them e. For this reason it is necessary by way of intro
about deep and unbridgeable d ivisions between a movement
duction to look at the reasons for this position taken by
led by Paul on the one hand, and another led by the Twelve
mod ern historiography on the subject under examination
and in particular Peter and James in Jerusalem ,lO while the
,
before going on to d efine the presuppositions underlying our
con clu s ion is e mph a ti cally draw n tha t " there were
own research.
Christianities before there was one Christianity" - unity hav-