Ethics and Technology: Controversies, Questions, and Strategies for Ethical Computing, 4th Edition

456 Pages·2012·3.232 MB·English

by  Herman T. Tavani

FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page4
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page1
(cid:2)
FOURTH EDITION
ETHICS
AND
TECHNOLOGY
Controversies, Questions, and Strategies
for Ethical Computing
HERMAN T. TAVANI
Rivier University
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page2
VP& Executive Publisher: Donald Fowley
Executive Editor: Beth LangGolub
EditorialAssistant: Katherine Willis
Marketing Manager: ChrisRuel
Marketing Assistant: Marissa Carroll
Associate Production Manager: Joyce Poh
Production Editor: Jolene Ling
Designer: Kenji Ngieng
Cover PhotoCredit: BernhardLang/Getty Images, Inc.
Production ManagementServices: ThomsonDigital
Thisbookwassetin10/12TimesTenLTStd-RomanbyThomsonDigital,andprintedandboundbyEdwardsBrothersMalloy.
ThecoverwasprintedbyEdwardsBrothersMalloy.
Thisbookisprintedonacidfreepaper.
Foundedin1807,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.hasbeenavaluedsourceofknowledgeandunderstandingformorethan200years,
helpingpeoplearoundtheworldmeettheirneedsandfulfilltheiraspirations.Ourcompanyisbuiltonafoundationofprinciples
thatincluderesponsibilitytothecommunitiesweserveandwhereweliveandwork.In2008,welaunchedaCorporate
CitizenshipInitiative,aglobalefforttoaddresstheenvironmental,social,economic,andethicalchallengeswefaceinour
business.Amongtheissuesweareaddressingarecarbonimpact,paperspecificationsandprocurement,ethicalconductwithin
ourbusinessandamongourvendors,andcommunityandcharitablesupport.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitourwebsite:
www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright#2013,2011,2007,2004JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,
scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthe
priorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyright
Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for
permissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-
5774, [phone], fax [phone], website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluationcopiesareprovidedtoqualifiedacademicsandprofessionalsforreviewpurposesonly,foruseintheircoursesduring
thenextacademicyear.Thesecopiesarelicensedandmaynotbesoldortransferredtoathirdparty.Uponcompletionofthe
reviewperiod,pleasereturntheevaluationcopytoWiley.Returninstructionsandafreeofchargereturnmailinglabelare
available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this
bookasyourcomplimentarydeskcopy.OutsideoftheUnitedStates,pleasecontactyourlocalsalesrepresentative.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Tavani,HermanT.
Ethicsandtechnology:controversies,questions,andstrategiesforethical
computing/HermanT.Tavani,RivierUniversity—Fourthedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-28172-7(pbk.)
1. Computernetworks—Moralandethicalaspects. I. Title.
TK5105.5.T3852013
175—dc23
2012028589
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page3
In memory of my grandparents,
Leon and Marian (Roberts) Hutton,
and Antonio and Clelia (Giamberardino) Tavani
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page4
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page5
(cid:2)
CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
PREFACE xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
FOREWORD xxix
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION TO CYBERETHICS: CONCEPTS,PERSPECTIVES,
ANDMETHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 1
CHAPTER2. ETHICAL CONCEPTS ANDETHICAL THEORIES: ESTABLISHING
ANDJUSTIFYING AMORAL SYSTEM 33
CHAPTER3. CRITICAL REASONING SKILLS FOREVALUATING DISPUTES IN
CYBERETHICS 74
CHAPTER4. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, CODESOFCONDUCT, ANDMORAL
RESPONSIBILITY 101
CHAPTER5. PRIVACY AND CYBERSPACE 131
CHAPTER6. SECURITY INCYBERSPACE 174
CHAPTER7. CYBERCRIME ANDCYBER-RELATED CRIMES 201
CHAPTER8. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES IN CYBERSPACE 230
CHAPTER9. REGULATING COMMERCE ANDSPEECH IN CYBERSPACE 269
CHAPTER10. THE DIGITALDIVIDE, DEMOCRACY, ANDWORK 303
CHAPTER11. ONLINE COMMUNITIES,CYBER IDENTITIES, AND SOCIAL NETWORKS 337
CHAPTER12. ETHICAL ASPECTSOFEMERGING ANDCONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES 368
GLOSSARY 411
INDEX 417
v
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page6
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page7
(cid:2)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
NewtotheFourthEdition xviii
AudienceandScope xix
OrganizationandStructureoftheBook xxi
TheWebSiteforEthicsandTechnology xxiii
ANotetoStudents xxiv
NotetoInstructors:ARoadmapforUsingThisBook xxiv
ANotetoComputerScienceInstructors xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
FOREWORD xxix
cCHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERETHICS: CONCEPTS, PERSPECTIVES,
AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 1
Scenario1–1:AFatalCyberbullyingIncidentonMySpace 1
Scenario1–2:ContestingtheOwnershipofaTwitterAccount 2
Scenario1–3:“TheWashingtonienne”Blogger 2
1.1 DefiningKeyTerms:CyberethicsandCybertechnology 3
1.1.1 WhatIsCybertechnology? 4
1.1.2 WhytheTermCyberethics? 5
1.2 TheCyberethicsEvolution:FourDevelopmentalPhasesinCybertechnology 6
1.3 AreCyberethicsIssuesUniqueEthicalIssues? 9
Scenario1–4:DevelopingtheCodeforaComputerizedWeaponSystem 10
Scenario1–5:DigitalPiracy 11
1.3.1 DistinguishingbetweenUniqueTechnologicalFeaturesandUnique
EthicalIssues 11
1.3.2 AnAlternativeStrategyforAnalyzingtheDebateabouttheUniqueness
ofCyberethicsIssues 12
1.3.3 APolicyVacuuminDuplicatingComputerSoftware 13
1.4 CyberethicsasaBranchofAppliedEthics:ThreeDistinctPerspectives 14
1.4.1 Perspective#1:CyberethicsasaFieldofProfessionalEthics 15
1.4.2 Perspective#2:CyberethicsasaFieldofPhilosophicalEthics 18
1.4.3 Perspective#3:CyberethicsasaFieldofSociological/DescriptiveEthics 21
Scenario1–6:TheImpactofTechnologyXonthePleasantvilleCommunity 21
1.5 AComprehensiveCyberethicsMethodology 24
1.5.1 A“Disclosive”MethodforCyberethics 25
1.5.2 AnInterdisciplinaryandMultilevelMethodforAnalyzing
CyberethicsIssues 26
1.6 AComprehensiveStrategyforApproachingCyberethicsIssues 27
1.7 ChapterSummary 28
vii
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page8
viii c Table ofContents
ReviewQuestions 28
DiscussionQuestions 29
Essay/PresentationQuestions 29
ScenariosforAnalysis 29
Endnotes 30
References 31
FurtherReadings 32
OnlineResources 32
cCHAPTER2
ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND ETHICAL THEORIES: ESTABLISHING
AND JUSTIFYING A MORAL SYSTEM 33
2.1 EthicsandMorality 33
Scenario2–1:The“RunawayTrolley”:AClassicMoralDilemma 34
2.1.1 WhatIsMorality? 35
2.1.2 DerivingandJustifyingtheRulesandPrinciplesofaMoralSystem 38
2.2 DiscussionStoppersasRoadblockstoMoralDiscourse 42
2.2.1 DiscussionStopper#1:PeopleDisagreeonSolutionsto
MoralIssues 43
2.2.2 DiscussionStopper#2:WhoAmItoJudgeOthers? 45
2.2.3 DiscussionStopper#3:MoralityIsSimplyaPrivateMatter 47
2.2.4 DiscussionStopper#4:MoralityIsSimplyaMatterforIndividual
CulturestoDecide 48
Scenario2–2:ThePerilsofMoralRelativism 49
2.3 WhyDoWeNeedEthicalTheories? 52
2.4 Consequence-BasedEthicalTheories 53
2.4.1 ActUtilitarianism 55
Scenario2–3:AControversialPolicyinNewmerica 55
2.4.2 RuleUtilitarianism 55
2.5 Duty-BasedEthicalTheories 56
2.5.1 RuleDeontology 57
Scenario2–4:MakinganExceptionforOneself 58
2.5.2 ActDeontology 59
Scenario2–5:ADilemmaInvolvingConflictingDuties 60
2.6 Contract-BasedEthicalTheories 61
2.6.1 SomeCriticismsofContract-BasedTheories 62
2.6.2 Rights-BasedContractTheories 63
2.7 Character-BasedEthicalTheories 64
2.7.1 BeingaMoralPersonvs.FollowingMoralRules 64
2.7.2 Acquiringthe“Correct”Habits 65
2.8 IntegratingAspectsofClassicalEthicalTheoriesintoaSingle
ComprehensiveTheory 66
2.8.1 Moor’sJust-ConsequentialistTheoryandItsApplicationto
Cybertechnology 67
2.8.2 KeyElementsinMoor’sJust-ConsequentialistFramework 69
2.9 ChapterSummary 70
ReviewQuestions 70
DiscussionQuestions 71
Essay/PresentationQuestions 71
ScenariosforAnalysis 72
Endnotes 72