Essentials of Pain Medicine

1012 Pages·2017·30.88 MB·English

by  Honorio Benzon

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E S S E N T I A L S O F
Pain
Medicine
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E S S E N T I A L S O F
Pain
Medicine
FOURTH EDITION
EDITORS
Honorio T. Benzon, MD Scott M. Fishman, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology Chief
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Division of Pain Medicine
Chicago, Illinois Vice Chair
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Srinivasa N. Raja, MD
Director
Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Center for Advancing Pain Relief
Medicine, and Neurology University of California, Davis School of Medicine
Director of Pain Research Sacramento, California
Division of Pain Medicine
Steven P. Cohen, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland Chief of Pain Medicine
Professor of Anesthesiology, Neurology and Physical
Spencer S. Liu, MD
Medicine & Rehabilitation
Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Attending Anesthesiologist Professor of Anesthesiology and Physical Medicine
Hospital for Special Surgery & Rehabilitation
Weill Cornell Medical College Director of Pain Research
New York, New York Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, Maryland
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Robert W. Hurley, MD, PhD Philip Peng, MBBS, FRCPC, Founder
Professor (Pain Med)
Department of Anesthesiology
Professor
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management
Executive Director
University Health Network & Mount Sinai Hospital
Pain Shared Service Line
University of Toronto
Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
Toronto, Ontario
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Khalid Malik, MD, FRCS
Professor of Anesthesiology
University of Illinois Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ESSENTIALS OF PAIN MEDICINE, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-40196-8
Copyright © 2018 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such infor-
mation or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties
for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to
be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administra-
tion, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and
knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each
individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, neg-
ligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2005, and 1999.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Benzon, Honorio T., editor. | Raja, Srinivasa, editor. | Liu, Spencer
S., editor. | Fishman, Scott, 1959- editor. | Cohen, Steven P. (Steven
Paul), 1963- editor.
Title: Essentials of pain medicine / editors, Honorio T. Benzon, Srinivasa N.
Raja, Spencer S. Liu, Scott M. Fishman, Steven P. Cohen, ; associate
editors, Robert W. Hurley, Khalid Malik, Philip Peng.
Description: Fourth edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elseiver, [2018] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017039957 | ISBN 9780323401968 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Pain--drug therapy | Anesthesia, Conduction
Classification: LCC RD84 | NLM WL 704.6 | DDC 617.9/64--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039957
Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston
Content Development Specialist: Angie Breckon
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Daniel Fitzgerald
Designer: Ashley Miner
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my wife, Juliet, for your love, understanding, and counsel.
To our children and their spouses: Hazel and Paul, Hubert and Natalie.
To our grandchildren: Annalisa, Jonathan, and Hunter.
To my co-editors, associate editors, and contributors, for their hard work.
To my previous and present colleagues at Northwestern, it has been an enjoyable ride.
Honorio T. Benzon
To my wife and best friend, Geetha: Thanks for your constant support, immense sacrifice,
and enthusiastic encouragement of my educational activities.
To my daughters, Pushpa and Meera: Thanks for bringing JOY to my life with your infinite love and
ardent affection.
To my Johns Hopkins colleagues and friends: Thanks for the intellectual stimulation and being my
extended family.
Srinivasa N. Raja
To my wonderful wife, Roja, darling daughter, Anais, and my parents, Paul and Grace Liu.
Spencer S. Liu
To my patients, who continually inspire my work. To my colleagues at the UC Davis Center for Pain Medicine,
who make my work a joy. To my wife and children, who give so much to support me and my work.
Scott M. Fishman
In loving memory of my father, my greatest advocate, who guided me onto a path of wisdom and responsibility.
To my wife, Karen, for her unwavering patience and support.
To my mother, Harriet, for teaching me what is important in life.
To my children, Berklee, Zared and Seffrah, for providing me with happiness and inspiration.
To my fellow service members—all gave some, and some gave all, in defense of our freedom and lifestyle.
Steven P. Cohen
To my wife and best friend, Meredith, for her unending support.
To my daughter, Alexandra, and sons, Sebastian and Gibson, my greatest joys.
To my parents, Morrison and Brenda, and my sister, Erin, who have always kept me grounded.
To my mentors, Donna Hammond and Chris Wu, for fostering my interests and, at times, reining me in.
To my collaborators, for questioning every sentence I put down on paper.
Robert W. Hurley
To my wife, Bonnie, for her love and patience; my son, Jahan, for the delight; and my daughter, Zara,
for the vigor she brings to my life.
In fond remembrance of my parents.
To Dr. Benzon, for his kind and steadfast mentorship.
Khalid Malik
To my wife, Carol, for her continued support, encouragement, and understanding;
To my children, Julia and Michael, who fill me with joy and love;
To my sister, Rita, who keeps reminding me to be strong and assertive.
Philip Peng
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CONTENTS
Dedication v
III
Preface x S E C T I O N
List of Contributors xi
Perioperative Pain Management
11 P reventive Analgesia 105
I
S E C T I O N
C hristina M. Spofford and Robert W. Hurley
12 Perioperative Nonopioid Infusions for
Basic Considerations
Postoperative Pain Management 111
1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Pain H ubert A. Benzon, Ravi D. Shah, and Honorio T. Benzon
Signaling Process 3 13 P atient-Controlled Analgesia 117
M atthias Ringkamp, Patrick M. Dougherty, and E llen M. Soffin and Spencer S. Liu
Srinivasa N. Raja
14 I ntrathecal Opioids for Postoperative
2 N eurochemistry of Somatosensory and Pain 123
Pain Processing 11 N ikki Conlin, Michael C. Grant, and Christopher L. Wu
K ent H. Nouri, Uzondu Osuagwu, Jessica Boyette-Davis,
15 Epidural Opioids for Postoperative
Matthias Ringkamp, Srinivasa N. Raja, and
Pain 129
Patrick M. Dougherty
G abriel A. Hernandez, Michael C. Grant, and
3 T axonomy: Definition of Pain Terms and Christopher L. Wu
Chronic Pain Syndromes 21
16 Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks 135
K iran Chekka and Honorio T. Benzon
B rian M. Ilfeld and Edward R. Mariano
17 Pediatric Postoperative Pain 141
S E C T I O N II D avid J. Krodel and Patrick K. Birmingham
18 C hronic Pain After Surgery 147
Clinical Evaluation and Diagnostic
C olin J.L. McCartney and Steven Tremblay
Examinations
IV
4 P hysical Examination of the Patient S E C T I O N
With Pain 27
P aul Scholten, Kiran Chekka, and Honorio T. Benzon Chronic Pain Syndromes
5 Pain Assessment 39
19 Migraine Headache and the Trigeminal
A simina Lazaridou, Nick Elbaridi, Robert R. Edwards, and
Autonomic Cephalalgias 157
Charles B. Berde
J ack M. Rozental
6 Psychological Evaluation and Testing 47
20 T ension-Type Headache, Chronic
S heera F. Lerman and Jennifer Haythornthwaite
Tension-Type Headache, and Other
7 D iagnostic and Statistical Manual of Chronic Headache Types 165
Mental Disorders and Pain Management 53 J ack M. Rozental
M eghan Rodes
21 Postmeningeal Puncture Headache
8 Neurophysiologic Testing for Pain 59 and Spontaneous Intracranial
T akashi Nishida, Michael M. Minieka, and Leslie Rydberg Hypotension 169
9 Anatomy, Imaging, and Common S amer Abdel-Aziz, Honorio T. Benzon, and Robert W. Hurley
Pain-Generating Degenerative 22 C ervicogenic Headache 177
Pathologies of the Spine 69 S amer Narouze
B enjamin P. Liu, Matthew T. Walker, Eric M. Spitzer,
23 Orofacial Pain 183
Murugusundaram Veeramani, and Eric J. Russell
S amer Narouze and Jason E. Pope
10 Determination of Disability 99
D avid Richard Walega
vii
viii CONTENTS
24 O verview of Low Back Pain Disorders 193
VI
K halid Malik and Ariana Nelson S E C T I O N
25 M yofascial Pain Syndrome 207
Pharmacology and Pharmacologic
A ndrea L. Nicol, Matthew Crooks, Eric S. Hsu, and
F. Michael Ferrante Modalities
26 Fibromyalgia and Centralized Pain
42 Major Opioids in Pain Management 373
States 213
S amir Sheth, Mark Holtsman, and Gagan Mahajan
C had Brummett and Daniel J. Clauw
43 Opioids Used for Mild to Moderate
27 C omplex Regional Pain Syndrome 223
Pain 385
K ayode Williams, Anthony Guarino, and Srinivasa N. Raja
M ark Holtsman and Charity Hale
28 Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic
44 The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic and
Neuralgia 233
Emerging Prescribing Guidelines 389
K enneth Schmader and Robert H. Dworkin
L ynn R. Webster
29 P ostamputation Pain 241
45 L egal and Regulatory Issues in Pain
M ichael B. Jacobs, Srinivasa N. Raja, and Steven P. Cohen
Management 395
30 Central Pain States 251 A aron M. Gilson and Ben A. Rich
J ulie H. Huang-Lionnet, Chad Brummett, and
46 Urine Drug Testing in Pain Medicine 405
Srinivasa N. Raja
G agan Mahajan
31 Pelvic Pain 261
47 S ubstance Use Disorders and
K arina Gritsenko and Marc Samuel Cohen
Detoxification 419
32 P ainful Peripheral Neuropathies 273 J . Gregory Hobelmann and Michael R. Clark
S arah A. Endrizzi, James P. Rathmell, and Robert W. Hurley
48 Psychopharmacology for Pain
33 E ntrapment Neuropathies 283 Medicine 427
S ophy C. Zheng and Thomas H. Brannagan III M ohammed A. Issa, Zwade Marshall, and Ajay D. Wasan
49 M embrane Stabilizers 437
S E C T I O N V S tacy Peterson, Honorio T. Benzon, and Robert W. Hurley
50 Recommendations for Pharmacologic
Cancer Pain and Pain in Special Therapy of Neuropathic Pain 445
Situations S imon Haroutounian and Nanna Brix Finnerup
51 Nonopioid Analgesics: Nonsteroidal
34 Approach to the Management of Cancer
Antiinflammatory Drugs,
Pain 299
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors, and
B ritni L. Lookabaugh and Charles F. Von Gunten
Acetaminophen 457
35 M anagement of Pain at End of Life 309 B ryan S. Williams
J udith A. Paice
52 I ntravenous Infusions for Refractory
36 Pain Management in the Emergency Cancer and Chronic Pain States 469
Department 315 S heetal K. DeCaria and Magdalena Anitescu
J ames Mathews and Arthur Moore
53 P harmacologic Management of Myofascial
37 C hronic Pain Management in Children and Pain 475
Adolescents 323 J ulie H. Huang-Lionnet, Haroon Hameed, and Steven P. Cohen
R avi D. Shah and Santhanam Suresh
54 P harmacologic Management of Complex
38 S ickle Cell Disease 333 Regional Pain Syndrome 485
D awn Belvis, Kimberly J. Henderson, and Hubert A. Benzon R ena Beckerly and Honorio T. Benzon
39 Pain Management During Pregnancy and 55 P harmacology for the Interventional Pain
Lactation 339 Physician 501
J eanette Bauchat and Cynthia A. Wong A ndrea L. Nicol, Magdalena Anitescu, and Honorio T. Benzon
40 Pain Control in the Critically Ill 56 Role of Cannabinoids in Pain
Patient 345 Management 509
A bbas Al-Qamari and Michael Lynn Ault O mar I. Halawa, Timothy J. Furnish, and Mark S. Wallace
41 G eriatric Pain 357
G wendolyn A. Sowa, Debra K. Weiner, and
Alejandra Camacho-Soto