Table Of ContentEpistemolLooggyi,c a,n dG ramm ar
inl ndiaPnh ilosophAincaally sis
BIMAL KRISHNA MATILAL
New Edition
editbeyd
JONARDONG ANERI
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITYP RESS
YMCA LibraBruyi ldiJnagi,S ingRho adN,e w Delhi1 100 01
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YMCA LibraBruyi ldiJnagi,S ingRho adN,e w Delh1i1 00 01
If theraern eon etwr uttbohe ds i scovered,
thearroeel tru dth st bo er ediscovered.
- P.SFt.r awson,
Indivi(dInutalrso du1c9t5i9o n),
Kutvoiin utanCl1J'! vvayaasmtu utp rek�ki�tauml'!lii J;l
Vacovinyiiitrysaamviiatiarctarmva i ciiiirymaI tI
Howc awne d iscaon veefwra ( cottrur t hi pn hilosHoepnh(cyaef)s aa? rsth is
bokoi cso nceornnesedh )oo unllcydo nsoiundroe vre ilrnte yp hr(athsoeil ndge r
truptrhosp obuynth deae ndc iienmn otdse m terminology).
-Jaya(ncADt. 8 a0 0-950),
Nyiiaymajfian( Introd1u9c63tp,i. 1 ov,ne )r8,s. e
ForD aniH.eH.l Ingalls
·
Contents
Prfaecteot he ENdeiwt 1i.oG na:n eri ix
Prfaecteot hFei rEsdti tion
Xl
ChronologTiabclaoeflP hilpohseors xvii
l.P erceptiaonnd L anguage 1
1.1Ge.n erraelm arkosnt hep roblem 2
1.2E.ar lNyy ayat heoroyfp erception 3
13..T her isoef i dealism 5
14..B harq-harith'eso roy fk nowledg'eC:o nstruction'
(vikalpa) 8
15..D iimaga'tsh eoroyfp erception 12
16..W ord-meanaings' exclus(ipoano'h a) 17
17..D iimagaa ndm odernr eductionism 23
2.In dividuaUlnsi,v ersaalnsdP, e rception 27
2.lA. c ritioqfut eh eD iimagas chool 27
2.2M.at eribaold ieasn dt heiart omicc onstituents 29
2..3 'Inseparraebllaet'(i osna mavaya) 32
2.4T.he l awo fc ontradiacntdith oen ' delimitors' 36
2.5U.ni versaaslm se aninogfsg enertaelr ms 37
2.6U.se so fa rticlaensd q uantifi'eMrosd:e so'fr eference4 0
2.7T.he p robleomf' reauln'i ver(jsaalt i) 45
2.8T.he n otioonf' propositpieorncaelp't ion 50
2.9N.on -qualifipceartcievpetin i oNna vya-nyaya:
'Simplep'r operties 55
21..0T ermsa ndp ropositaisosnearlt ions 63
3.E arlyG rammariaonnsP hilosophiSceamla ntics 68
3l..P reliminarreym arks 68
32..T hen otioonf' substanPcaer.U'n:i 'rusl e1 2..64 69
viii Contse nt
33..' Substaanncd'e q'u alPiat1)inyi'':rus l e5 .11.91 71
34..T woa specotfms e aniVnyga:� ain Vda japyayana 76
3.5B.h artrhdaerfiin'isto if'o snu bstance' 79
3.6Vy.a �'tsh eoorfym eaning 82
37..A na nalysis'ofthVeyoar�iy'nm s o demt enninology 89
4.E mptyS ubjeTcetrm si nL ogic 92
4.1N.on -refeerrxipnrge ssiinlo ansn guage 92
4..2 Ther iddolf'e n on-being' 93
4.3T.h es tatouf's e xampinl Ien'd ilaong ic 95
4..4 TheN yaya-Budcdohnitsrto versy 99
4.5T.h ee pistemolsoigginciafilc oafnt chece o ntrovers1y20
4.6T.h ei mpliNcyiaty sae mantpirci nciple 150
4.7I.n terpretoafet xiiosnt eanncdne e gation 170
4.8T.h ep an-fictaipopnraolao cfBh u ddhism 111
5.N egatiaonndth eM adhyamikaD ialectic 113
5.1T.he M adhyamikaatt itude-'emptiness' 113
52..T wol eveolfts r uth 118
5..3 Thein detenninaocfyth ep henomewnoarll d 121
54..T hep aradoofx' emptiness' 132
5.5S.o phistarnydth es emantpiacraald oxes 142
5.6T.w oa specotfns e gation 12.8
5.7'.M ysticainsdtm h'Me a dhyamikas chool 130
BiibolgprhaicRaeeflr ences 133
Index 141
Prefatcoeth e New Edition
·
Theo rigipnUabll icaotfiB oinm aKrils hnaM atilaElpi'ss temyo,l og
Logaincd GramimnIa nrd iPahni lpohsiocAanall ywsaisas n,e v ent of
monumenitmaplo rtiannt chceeo ntemposrtaurdoyyfI ndipahni losophi
catlr aditTihoevn esr.ty i trlees onawtietashn e ntirneelwwy a yt othink
aboutths eu bjeacnat p,p rothaachti mpliawe ilsl ingnteoes nsg awgiet h
thet hougohftht e classtihcinkaelr nse ithearss· u bjeocftr se verance
beyoncdr iticniosram sd, i spassioobnjaetcoetfhi s s toridciasls ection,
devoiodft hev ibraannti matchya cth aractetrhiepz heisl osophers'
engagemweinttthh weo rldth eyinh abitN.e vebre fohraeda nyodnaer ed
tos ayt hatthc el assIincdailthia nnk erwse rei,nt hfier sptl aceep,i stemo
logisltosg,i ciaanndgs ram,m arianrs,ath erth anr eligisoeuesk eorrs
mystiTchse.t hought wiatsrs eevlofl utitohneea xreyc,u toifoth ne
thoughbtril liantT.h ibso oiks t huen compromiasuidnagc,i sotuast e
menotf a b olnde wmi nd.H erein, t hibso okM,a tipluatlis np lacaelth le
keyc omponeonfta sna pproatcoth h set udoyfI ndipahni losothpahty
woulgdo fr oms trentgosth t renogvtehtr h nee xttw enotrythirty years:
Hisd epictoiftho en l iteraatsau nre ex tendpehdi losaolpd hiiaclogue,
betwetheenN yayeax poneonfta sp hilosopohfry e aliasnmdc ommon
sensoent h eo neh anda,n dth eB uddhaidsvto caotfae r se visiocnoanry
ceptsutaaln dpoonint tho et hewra,si tsreelvfo lutiaonndta hrifyso,t r w o
reasoFnisr.s ttlhyde,i visiisdo rna wnno,ot n r eligibouuots ns, e cular
philosophliicnaeTlsh .eN yayiasn orte presemnetreedal sya b ranocfh
'Hintdhuo ugbhutat's ,a l egitiamnadwt eela lrti culaattteidt utdoew ards
centprhaillo sophqiuceaslt itohn�esa ;m ies t rueo ft hBeu ddhiasutth ors
discusTsheidds.i alogMuaet,i laarlg uweisth in disputpaebrlseu asive
nessi,sa philosophdiecbaalat ned n ota clasohfr eligidooucst rine.
SecondMlayt,i mlaadlei ctl eaarg,a ifnot rh ef irtsimte t,h athte m edium
ofd iscusswiaoson n eo fp hilosophiacraglu mentaactcioornd tion g
carefuclolnys idered porfrin actiipoilnneaqslu irrayt,ht ehraj nu xtaposi
tioonfr ivsaolt eriolwoogrlidc-avli ews.
The historofyI ndipahni losowpahswy,i tthh ibso okr,e todledc is
ivelnyol, o ngaesar hi stoorfyc ompetmientga physfircaamle wobrukts ,
x Preafcteo t hNee wE dition
asa ne xtendiendv estigianttithooe n q uestioofkn n owledigtegs,r ounds,
possibialnidtd yo,m aiEnp.i stemolMoagtyi,l aarlg ueisst, h ek eyp hilo
sophicdails cipilnithn ee I ndiadne batneo,tm etaphysiac csl,a itmh at
doesn otp reclutdheed iscussoifom ne taphysical qubeustst eieosn s,.
theriers olutaislo yni ning a na nalysoifts h es tructuorfke nso wledge
andl anguaThigse .n eww ayo fu nderstantdhineing n erd ynamiocft he
Indiapnh ilosophliecgaalc byo rei mmediaftreu iTte.x tsw hose
contributtoai orne ligiaonudss oterioloaggiecnadhlaa db een hard to
determbiencea mes,u ddenolfyo ,b vioaunsd c entrraell evatnoca eq uite
difefrenitn -tellepcrtoujaelthc et ,p rojeocftu nderstantdhiehn ugm an
mind andi tcsa pacitwiiethrs e spetcott hew orlidti nhabiTtesx.tl si k.e
thPe ramiilJ-samuancdtc hayeTa at tvacintwhiiomsadelJi sic,u ssihoands
previoubseleynr egardaesod b scuarned e soterniocwb, e camceo mpre
hensibalsce e ntrcaaln onisctaalt emeonfet psi stemoloagnidmc eatlh od
ologicdaolc trine.
IfM atilwaals l atetrod eveltohpe i dewai tehv erg reatseorp histi
catioann ds ubtletthya,ft a cdto esn otd etrafcrto mth e·b reathtaking
brillioafnt cheer eadingosfc lassitceaxlto sn ef indhse reIn. i tssh eer
courageoustnoeth sisnk t hrouaggha int hea rgumenatnsdi deaosf t he
classiacuatlh ortsoe, n gagwei tthh ema sv itianlt ellepcrteusaeln ces,
EpistemoLlooggiaycn,,dG rammarre mainasni nspiratainodnp arlo
founmda sterpieMcaet.i laolw'nsw illingtnoer sesv iasned r epubltihseh
texatf,t earni ntervoafls omet wenty ymeiagrhsit,t sebleft akeans a n
indicatoifho insc onvicttihoabnto tthh ei deaasn dt hes piriotft het he
boork etaaic no ntemporraerlye vanIctce o.n tintuobe ser equirreeda ding
bya nyonweh od esirteoks n oww hya ne ngagemewnitt thh e thooufg ht
the classiIcnadli atnh eorriespta ytsh ,c�o ntemporpahrilyo sophical
mindI.ni tssh eeoru,t ragedoaursi ncgo,m binweidt ihm maculsactheo lar
shipE,pi stemoLlooggiaycn,,dG rammiasar m odelf orw hatm odem
writionngI ndiatnh eoroyu ghtto b el ike.
Iw oulldi kteoth ankO xforUdn iversPirteysf so rb ringinogu ta new
editiooftn h ibso okw,h icihs a l andmairnkt hem odems tudoyfI ndian
philosopahnyd,y eth ass adlbye eno uto fp rifnotar v erlyo ntgi meF.o r
thredee cadethsi,sb ookh ass ervetdoin troduscteu denotfps h ilosophy
toth e ricthr aditoifoI nnsd iapnh ilosophaincaally sIinsh .i sp ersonal
copyB,. K .M atilmaald ea g oodn umbeorf a dditieomnesn,d atiaonnds ,
alteratwiiotnahs v iewt oa newe ditioofthn e bookT.h eshea veb een
incorporaitnet dh er evisifoonrts h isse conedd ition.
JONARDON GANERI
Prefatcoet heF irsEtd ition
· .
Thibso oki sm eanats m uchf orth e professipohniallos oapnhde r
histoorfii adne aassi its f othre S anskriTthiels att.wt iellrf intdh atth is
woriks b aseodno riginSaaln sktreixttt sh,o uIgh ha vaet tempatsfe adr
asp ossitboul seem odernp hilosoptheircmainlo lionig nyt erpreatnidn,g
whenn ecessraercyo,n streuacrtliyn g philosophic theories.
Fort hep rofessional pthhiiblsoo oskto rpihteeosrp reseinn ta
Westelrna nguaanga en alytaincdca rli tpihcilaols opthriacd iwthiiocnh
isn oWte steTrnh.e rhea sb eeanw idesprperaedj udtihcapeto sitainvde
critpihciallo socpahnoy n lbye f ounind t heW estI.th asb eetna cliyt
assumtehdac tr itthinkinigc al wasu nknowin nth eE aswth,o s'ep hiloso
phya'p pearteobd el imittoep dr imitsipveec ulation.
Butr ecenthtelryhe a sb eeann i ncreiansi en terients htes tudyo f
Indipahni losofprhoaym n a nalytpiocianoltfv iewA. f ewb ookasn d
artichlaevbsee epnu blisihnWe eds telrna nguawgheisc ahim tom ake
possithbelr ei gorcooumsp ariosfIonnd iaanna lytpihciallo swoipthihyt s
Westecrno unterpTahretd .i sciplmientehdo doloofIg nyd ipahni loso
phicaanla lyissthi uss b eginnitnobg e comvei siibnlth ee W est.
TheW estesrnt ude(natsw elals t hem odernI ndisatnu deonft )
philosfoapchteyws o g redaiftfi culitfhi eew si shteoes x tehnides n quiry
toth eI nditarna diTthieof ni.r stth leia sn gubaagrrei Tehri.is sm orteh an
jusatq uestoifol ne arningS anskravi etr,dy i fficullatn guaNgoeto. n ly
isi tn ecesstaolr eya trnh lea nguaogneem, u satl sloe atrnh tee chnical
terminolooftg hye philoswohpohu esretsdh alta nguaTgome a.s ttehri s
technicvaolc abuliatir sny o,et n ougthoh avree coutrost eh set andard
dictionwahriicrehas r erleyv etaotl h set udethnest u bttleec hnuisceasl
ofa t ercmo nfitnoeo df teinm penetrdaifbiflcyut letx tIsti. sa b ilti ke
expectaid nigc tiotnora ervye tahlte ru em eanionfgt hweo rd' love'.
Top uittin philosoaplht iecrmksn,o wleodfgS ea nskirspi etr haap s
necessbaurtyn ,e vear s ufficiecnotn,d itfioournn derstaInnddiinagn
