Table Of ContentEnzymes in the
Valorization of Waste
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Next-g en Technological Advances for
Sustainable Development of Enzyme-b ased Biorefinery focusses on key enzymes
which are involved in the development of integrated biorefinery. It highlights the
modern next-g en technologies for promoting the application of sustainable and
greener enzymatic steps at industrial scale for the development of futuristic and self-
sustainable “consolidated/integrated biorefinery/enzyme- based biorefinery.” It also
deals with technological advancement for improvement of enzyme yield or specific-
ity, conversion capability, such as protein and metabolic engineering and advances in
next generation technologies, and so forth.
Features:
• Explores all modern- day technologies that can potentially be used in
enzyme- based biorefinery conversion of wastes to value- added products.
• Covers technological, economic, and environmental assessments of
enzyme- based biorefinery prospects.
• Deliberates all possible products that can be generated from wastes including
biofuel and essential chemicals.
• Illustrates techniques for enhanced yield and properties to be used in various
industrial applications.
• Reviews advanced information of relevant sources and mechanism of
enzymes.
This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and related industry profession-
als in biochemical engineering, environmental science, wastewater treatment, bio-
technology, applied microbiology, biomass- based biorefinery, biochemistry, green
chemistry, sustainable development, waste treatment, enzymology, microbial bio-
technology, and waste valorization.
Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value
Conversion
Series Editors: Neha Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India and
Manish Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Solid waste and its sustainable management is considered as one of the major global
issues due to industrialization and economic growth. Effective solid waste management
(SWM) is a major challenge in the areas with high population density, and despite
significant development in social, economic and environmental areas, SWM systems
is still increasing the environmental pollution day by day. Thus, there is an urgent
need to attend to this issue for green and sustainable environment. Therefore, this
proposed book series is a sustainable attempt to cover waste management and their
conversion into value added products.
Utilization of Waste Biomass in Energy, Environment and Catalysis
Dan Bahadur Pal and Pardeep Singh
Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials
Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari and Dhanesh Tiwary
Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes
Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh and Lata Nain
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Pre-treatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery
(Vol I)
Pradeep Verma
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products (Vol II)
Pradeep Verma
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Next-Gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based
Biorefinery (Vol III)
Pradeep Verma
Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management
Rangabhashiyam S, Ponnusami V and Pardeep Singh
Agricultural and Kitchen Waste
Energy and Environmental Aspects
Dan Bahadur Pal and Amit Kumar Tiwari
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Novel-
Biotechnological-Applications-for-Waste-to-Value-Conversion/book-series/NVAWVC.
Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste
Next-gen Technological Advances
for Sustainable Development
of Enzyme-based Biorefinery
Edited by
Pradeep Verma
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Pradeep Verma; individual chapters, the contributors
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ISBN: 978-1-032-03517-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-03518-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-18772-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003187721
Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................ix
Notes on the Editor ....................................................................................................xi
List of Contributors .................................................................................................xiii
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Enzyme-based Biorefinery for Conversion
of Waste to Value-added Products ........................................................1
Pinku Chandra Nath, Biplab Roy, Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay,
Biswanath Bhunia, and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
Chapter 2 Valorization of Biowaste to Biowealth Using Cellulase Enzyme
During Prehydrolysis Simultaneous Saccharification and
Fermentation Process ..........................................................................25
Akansha Bhatia, Ankur Rajpal, Bhaskar Jyoti Deka,
A.A. Kazmi, and Vinay Kumar Tyagi
Chapter 3 Enzyme-associated Bioconversion of Agro-waste Materials
via Macrofungi Cultivation for Sustainable Next-gen
Ecosystem ...........................................................................................39
Bhaskar Kalita and Sanjukta Patra
Chapter 4 Extremophilic Bacteria and Archaea in the Valorization of
Metalloids: Arsenic, Selenium, and Tellurium ...................................65
Devika Nagar, Judith M. Braganca, and Irene J. Furtado
Chapter 5 Enzyme Purification Strategies ...........................................................81
Dixita Chettri, Manswama Boro, and Anil Kumar Verma
Chapter 6 Overview of the Enzyme Support System of Immobilization
for Enhanced Efficiency and Reuse of Enzymes ................................97
Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, and Saravanakumar
Thiyagarajan
v
vi Contents
Chapter 7 Nanobiotechnology in Enzyme-based Biorefinement and
Valorization of Waste........................................................................129
John M. Pisciotta and Azar E. Saikali
Chapter 8 Bioinformatics Integration to Biomass Waste Biodegradation
and Valorization ................................................................................177
Chhavi Thakur and Jata Shankar
Chapter 9 Cell Surface Engineering: A Fabrication Approach Toward
Effective Valorization of Waste ........................................................205
Anupama Binoy, Satyam Singh, and Sushabhan Sadhukhan
Chapter 10 Economics of the Biochemical Conversion-based Biorefinery
Concept for the Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass ................231
Praveen Kumar Ghodke, Sumit Dhawane, and Cecil Antony
Index ......................................................................................................................257
Preface
The modern era can be called an era of waste. Rapid population growth has increased
the needs of people and accommodating these requirements of a modern, fast-p aced
life has led to the generation of huge amounts of waste. Different anthropogenic
activities result in generation of waste from non- biodegradable plastics to biodegrad-
able organic or biological products (for example from agriculture, animal product
processing, forest product processing, marine and municipal waste, and food, feed,
textile, pulp, leather processing industries etc.). Waste disposal has been considered
one of the most critical issues in current times. Nevertheless, humankind always
surprises with a great ability to turn a crisis into an opportunity.
With this aim in the past few decades, several processes have been developed to
convert these wastes into value-a dded compounds such as: biobutanol, bioethanol,
and other high-v alue essential compounds. Several physical and chemical methods
have been developed to facilitate these conversions and resource recoveries from
waste. But the cost involved, environmental concerns and the non-s ustainable nature
of physical and chemical methods has led the focus to shift towards biological meth-
ods. Among several biological methods, the role of enzymes in these important steps
of bioconversion of waste to value has been critical.
Waste-b ased biorefineries focus on an integrated system for complete valorization
of wastes by generation of value-a dded compounds. The waste biomass consists of
lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose, starch, pectin, lipids, and so on that can be used as
precursor compounds for generation of several building block chemicals, as well as
fuels. The production of suitable liquid or gaseous fuel and value-a dded compounds
occurs through a series of steps. The role of different enzymes is important to the
biorefinery concept with a critical role in the two most rate- limiting steps of biorefin-
ery: pretreatment and hydrolysis. These enzymes, by their action on different compo-
nents of the waste, can lead to generation of specific oligomers and monomers. These
oligomeric and monomeric compounds can be subsequently converted to biofuels, or
can be used as the building blocks for commercially important chemicals. In order to
understand the role of enzymes in these two critical steps, their source, structural and
mechanistic properties, and technological advancements in the field of enzymology
for their application in waste- to- value generation need to be understood. Thus, this
book entitled Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Next- gen Technological Advances
for Sustainable Development of Enzyme- based Biorefinery as a part of the book
series Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste-t o- Value Conversion consists
of ten chapters under the thematic areas associated with next-g eneration advances in
enzyme- based biorefinery. This book provides insight into a wide range of recent
next- generation advances in enzyme-m ediated biorefinery, starting with the basics of
enzyme- based biorefinery for conversion of biowaste to value- added products. This
book also provides insight into creation of biowealth from biowaste using advanced
biotechnological and bioprocessing technologies, with special emphasis on advanced
enzyme purification strategies, immobilizations strategies, nanotechnological
approaches, and cell surface engineering. Further, this book presents a detailed
vii
viii Preface
overview of next- generation approaches available for integration of bioinformatics to
waste biomass degradation and valorization. Additionally, this book provides insight
into the economics of biochemical conversion based biorefinery. This book will be
helpful to researchers, students, academicians, scientists, and professionals in plan-
ning their future strategies for waste biomass valorization.
Acknowledgments
First, I would like to convey my gratitude to the series editors, Dr. Neha Srivastava
and Dr. Manish Srivastava for inviting us to submit this book entitled Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste: Next-g en Technological Advances for Sustainable Development
of Enzyme based Biorefinery in the book series Novel Biotechnological Applications
for Waste- to- Value Conversion. I am thankful to CRC Press for accepting my pro-
posal to act as editor for the current book volume. The current volume of this book
series is only possible because of the support from all the researchers and academi-
cians who contributed to this book, therefore I am thankful for their contributions.
I would also like to thank my PhD Scholar, Dr. Bikash Kumar, currently working as
Post Doctoral Researcher at Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati. For providing
me with editorial assistance and technical support during all stages of book develop-
ment. I am also thankful to the Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), Ajmer,
India for providing infrastructural support and a suitable teaching and research envi-
ronment. The teaching and research experience at CURAJ has provided the neces-
sary understanding of the needs of academicians, students, and researchers. This
was greatly helpful during the development of this book. I am also thankful to the
Department of Biotechnology for providing me with funds through sponsored proj-
ects (Grant No. BT/304/ NE/TBP/2012 and BT/PR7333/PBD/26/373/2012), for
setting up my laboratory: the Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory. I am always
thankful to God and my parents for their blessings. I also express my deep sense of
gratitude to my wife and children for their support, both during the development of
this book and in life.
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