Environmental Control for Ensuring Cities Safety

117 Pages·2021·5.18 MB·English

by  Volodymyr Isaienko, Artur Zaporozhets, Kateryna Babikova, Dmytro Gulevets, Dmytro Gulevets

Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure
Series Editor: Janusz Kacprzyk
Dmytro Gulevets
Artur Zaporozhets
Volodymyr Isaienko
Kateryna Babikova
Environmental
Control
for Ensuring
Cities Safety
Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation
and Infrastructure
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15991
Dmytro Gulevets Artur Zaporozhets
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Volodymyr Isaienko Kateryna Babikova
(cid:129)
Environmental Control
for Ensuring Cities Safety
123
DmytroGulevets ArturZaporozhets
National Aviation University Institute of Engineering Thermophysics
Kyiv, Ukraine National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine
Kyiv, Ukraine
VolodymyrIsaienko
National Aviation University Kateryna Babikova
Kyiv, Ukraine National Aviation University
Kyiv, Ukraine
ISSN 2523-3440 ISSN 2523-3459 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Intelligent Transportation andInfrastructure
ISBN978-3-030-66709-2 ISBN978-3-030-66710-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66710-8
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Preface
In the twentieth century, mankind entered the phase of intensive development of
urbanization processes, which is characterized by the formation of continental
megalopolisesandthesubsequentreductionoftheterritoriesoccupiedbythenatural
biogeocenotic cover, including within the urbanized area (hereinafter—UA).
Most developed countries, back in the 1960s–1970s, are introduced into the
project activities the procedure—“Environmental Impact Assessment,” which
consists of assessing the current state of environmental safety (hereinafter—ES)
of the territory, its forecast for the estimated period, and the development of
alternative urban planning options for the criterion for the normalization of the
living conditions of the population.
For Ukraine, the problem of increasing anthropogenic pressure on the envi-
ronmentandpopulationisofparticularrelevanceduetopopulationgrowthincities,
an increase in traffic and residential areas, and a reduction in the area of the green
zone.
Analysis of the results of calculations and experimental studies of the quality
ofthesurfacelayerofatmosphericair(hereinafter—SLAA)showedthatthelevels
of chemical and physical pollution in residential areas do not meet environmental
requirements;thereisadecreaseinenvironmentalsafetyfortheurbanenvironment.
Aneffectiveapproachtosolvingtheproblemcanbescientificallygroundeduse
ofthesystemofsurroundingcriteriaforassessingandindicatorsofthestateofUA,
onthebasisofwhichthelatesttechnicalandinnovativesolutionsareappliedforthe
ecological safety of cities and their sustainable development. However, they have
not been fully implemented at the UA of Ukraine due to the lack of an ecosystem
approach, which should take into account not only environmental restrictions, but
above all the requirements for assessing the environmental impact of urban
planning activities, monitoring the environment, a warning system for exceeding
environmental restrictions.
Thus, at present there is a need to solve an urgent scientific problem, which
consists in adapting methods for assessing the state of UA and assessing the risk
of the impact of anthropogenic factors to increase their environmental safety.
v
vi Preface
Theaimofthestudyistodevelopanecosystemapproachtoassessingthelevel
of pollution of the SLAA as a factor in the ecological safety of UA.
The research is based on the principles of the ecosystem approach to the life
support of UA. Methods of mathematical statistics, multicriteria ranking, general
systems theory, methods of system analysis, fuzzy multicriteria optimization and
statistical methods of information processing, and risk theory were used in the
work. For forecasting and modeling environmental situations within the objects of
research, given in space coordinates, the software of GIS technologies (“QGIS,”
“Surfer Pro,” “ArcMap”) was used.
Kyiv, Ukraine Dmytro Gulevets
Artur Zaporozhets
Volodymyr Isaienko
Kateryna Babikova
Contents
1 Research of Scientific Bases and Methodologies for Evaluating
the State of Ecological Safety in Urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Modern Concept of UA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Identification of the Main Pollution Factors of an UA. . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Modern Methods for Assessing the Quality of the Urban
Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Determination of Environmental Risk and Methods
for Assessing the Risk of Atmospheric Air in UAs. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 ImprovementtheMethodsforAssessingtheHazardoftheSurface
Layer of Atmospheric Air and the Ecological Risk of the State
of Urban Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 Algorithm and Stages of Studying the State of the Environment
of UAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Method for Assessing the Hazard of the Surface Layer
of Atmospheric Air in an UA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 Determination of Priority Factors of Pollution
of the Surface Layer of Atmospheric Air in UA . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 Standardization of Criterion Values and Determination
of Atmospheric Air Condition Indices According
to Individual Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 Method of Displaying the Hazard Index of the Surface
Layer of Atmospheric Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Method for Assessing the Environmental Risk
of the Surface Layer of Atmospheric Air Under
Conditions of Technogenic Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
vii
viii Contents
3 Research of Chemical and Physical Pollution in Kyiv City. . . . . . . . 43
3.1 General Characteristics of Kyiv City and the Object
of Full-Scale Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Calculation of the Hazard Index of SLAA from Chemical
Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 Calculation of the Hazard Index of the Surface Area
of Atmospheric Air from Physical Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4 Calculation of the Environmental Risk of the SLAA
in the Kyiv City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4 Ecological and Energy Analysis of the Green Areas
and the Surface Layer of Atmospheric Air in the Districts
of the Kyiv City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1 Analysis and Assessment of the State of the Green Area
of the Kyiv City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1.1 Common Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.2 Territories of Limited Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1.3 Territories of Special Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 Assessment of the Emergetic Potential of Green Areas
in the Kyiv City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3 Analysis of the Relationship Between the Green Area
and the Surface Layer of Atmospheric Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5 Improving the Environmental Security of Urban Areas
on the Basis of GIS and Web Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1 Environmental Monitoring of an Urbanized Area
Based on Geoinformation Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2 Web-Based Real-Time Displaying of Environmental
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Abbreviations
AM Arithmetic mean
API Air pollution index
APIn Application programming interface
CGO Central Geophysical Observatory
DB Database
DF Degrees offreedom
EMR Electromagnetic radiation
ERS Earth remote sensing
ES Environmental safety
GIS Geographic information system
IA International airport
MHU Ministry of Health of Ukraine
MPC Maximum permissible concentration
MPL Maximum permissible level
MS Mean sum squares
NMP Noise monitoring post
PMP Pollution monitoring post
RS Runway strip
SBS State building standard
SESU State Emergency Service of Ukraine
SLAA Surface layer of atmospheric air
SS Sum squares
SSS State sanitary standard
UA Urban area
V Variable
ix