Table Of ContentМИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
"МУРМАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ"
И. В. Егорова,
Е. М. Максимова
English Master's Course for Civil Engineers
Английский язык
для магистрантов строительных специальностей
Допущено Ученым советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия по дисциплинам
"Иностранный язык", "Деловой иностранный язык",
"Профессиональный иностранный язык"
для обучающихся по направлению подготовки
08.04.01 "Строительство" (уровень магистратуры)
Мурманск
Издательство МГТУ
2018
УДК 811. 111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1 я 73
Е 30
Рецензенты:
С. И. Бойко, генеральный директор ООО "ИнСтрой";
С. А. Виноградова, канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков
Мурманского арктического государственного университета
Е 30 Егорова, И. В. English Master's Course for Civil Engineers (Английский язык
для магистрантов строительных специальностей) : учеб. пособие по дис-
циплинам "Иностранный язык", "Деловой иностранный язык", "Профес-
сиональный иностранный язык" для обучающихся по направлению под-
готовки 08.04.01 "Строительство" (уровень магистратуры) / И. В. Егорова,
Е. М. Максимова. − Мурманск : Изд-во МГТУ, 2018. − 162 с.
ISBN 978-5-86185-974-5
Пособие разработано в соответствии с требованиями и содержанием учеб-
ных программ по дисциплинам "Иностранный язык", "Деловой иностранный
язык", "Профессиональный иностранный язык" для обучающихся по направле-
нию подготовки 08.04.01 "Строительство" (уровень магистратуры). Предназна-
чено для обучения английскому языку в академических целях. Способствует
формированию общекультурных и профессиональных компетенций в соответ-
ствии c требованиями ФГОС ВО.
Может быть рекомендовано научным сотрудникам, заинтересованным
в изучении английского языка.
This text-book has been written in accordance with the requirements and
contents of the "Foreign Language", "Foreign Language for Specific Purposes" and
"Professional Foreign Language" syllabi for master's degree students. It is intended
for teaching English for academic purposes. It promotes formation of common
cultural and professional competencies in accordance with federal state education
standards of higher education.
It can also be addressed to researchers motivated to study academic English.
Список лит. − 14 наименований.
УДК 811. 111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1 я 73
© Мурманский государственный
технический университет, 2018
© И. В. Егорова, 2018
© Е. М. Максимова, 2018
ISB" 978-5-86185-974-5
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ ............................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER I. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 5
UNIT 1. TO THE HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS ............................................... 5
UNIT 2. BUILDING SCIENCE ........................................................................................... 13
UNIT 3. AIR-CONDITIONING ........................................................................................... 25
UNIT 4. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ................................................................................ 33
UNIT 5. ARCHITECTURE: ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS .......................................... 45
UNIT 6. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING .......................................................................... 53
UNIT 7. ASBESTOS ............................................................................................................ 63
UNIT 8. SURVEYING ......................................................................................................... 69
UNIT 9. NEW TRENDS IN URBAN MANAGEMENT .................................................... 82
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS ..................................................................... 91
UNIT 11. WHAT IS MEANT BY "BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE" ........................ 102
UNIT 12. SILICATE INDUSTRY ..................................................................................... 111
UNIT 13. ACTIVITIES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ............................................................. 119
CHAPTER II. GRAMMAR REVISION ............................................................................... 128
CHAPTER III. TAPESCRIPTS ............................................................................................. 146
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ............................................................ 162
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Основной целью учебного пособия English Master's Course for Civil
Engineers является повышение исходного уровня владения иностранным
языком и формирование у магистрантов общекультурных, общепрофессио-
нальных и профессиональных компетенций, позволяющих им осуществлять
коммуникацию в устной и письменной формах на иностранном языке для
решения задач профессиональной и научной деятельности.
Отбор материала для учебного пособия осуществлен с учетом целей
и задач обучения, которые определяются коммуникативными и познава-
тельными способностями студентов, завершивших первую ступень обуче-
ния в вузе. Принцип отбора учебного материала предполагает логическую
и содержательно-методическую взаимосвязь с другими основными образо-
вательными программами, а также интеграцию знаний из смежных пред-
метных дисциплин, что способствует формированию абстрактного мышле-
ния, умения анализировать и синтезировать новую информацию.
Учебное пособие состоит из трех разделов, в каждом из которых вы-
делены тематические части, содержащие информативные и полезные для
магистрантов аутентичные тексты, тематика которых связана с их профес-
сиональной деятельностью. В пособии представлены разнообразные упраж-
нения по овладению лексическими, грамматическими и стилистическими
особенностями речи, работа над которыми будет способствовать развитию
умений и навыков, необходимых для осуществления адекватной и грамотной
профессиональной коммуникации на английском языке. Кроме текстового
материала, данный курс предполагает работу с аудио- и видеоматериалами
по соответствующей тематике. Проблемные задания пособия способствуют
развитию творческого потенциала обучающихся и стимулируют поиск раз-
личных источников информации для самостоятельного получения знаний.
Учебное пособие предназначено для обучения английскому языку сту-
дентов второй ступени вузовского образования – магистрантов, также мо-
жет быть рекомендовано научным сотрудникам, заинтересованным в изу-
чении английского языка для академических целей.
5
CHAPTER I.
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSIO.
U(cid:11)IT 1. TO THE HISTORY OF BUILDI(cid:11)G MATERIALS
1. In pairs answer the following questions.
• Do you know who discovered Portland cement and when?
• How long has reinforced concrete been used?
2. Write phonetic symbols for the following words, pay attention to their
correct pronunciation and read them aloud:
architect; era; machinery; manufacture; patent; reservoir; scarce; substance;
superiority; therefore; tunnel.
3. Learn new words and phrases.
available доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении
inventor изобретатель
lattice решетка, сетка
reinforcement укрепление, упрочнение, усиление
scarce недостаточный, скудный
slab плита, лист, пластина
tension напряжение, напряженное состояние
to discover обнаруживать, раскрывать, узнавать
to eliminate устранять, исключать
to neglect пренебрегать, игнорировать
to obtain получать, добывать, приобретать
to strengthen усиливать(ся), укреплять(ся)
4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
break-through; hard substance; improved materials; on a large scale; powder;
prestressed concrete; reinforced concrete; the biggest boost; to be embedded;
to erect; to realize.
5. Make up your own sentences using the words and phrases from tasks 2, 3
and 4.
6. Read Text 1 and say what the general idea of the text is.
6
7. When reading divide the text into parts.
Text 1
History of Building Materials
With the introduction of the railways and steam machinery, transportation
and manufacturing costs were considerably reduced and concrete came to be
more widely used, but it was still very much a neglected material. Therefore,
good concrete was scarce and a great deal of poor concrete was used.
The big break-through was the discovery of Portland cement by Joseph
Aspdin in 1824, a worker in an English town.
When he was working an idea came to him as to how to make his work
better. He started his experiments. After some time he obtained a powder. When
it was mixed with water and allowed to stand it "sets" forming a hard substance.
This substance was so much like the building stone from Portland that the
powder was named Portland cement. As years passed different materials were
found in many countries from which Portland cement could be made.
Portland cement was first used on a large scale in the construction of the
Thames tunnel in 1828.
As early as 1830 the first idea of reinforced concrete was mentioned in
a publication, which suggested that a lattice of iron rods could be embedded in
concrete to form a roof.
Lambort, a French contractor, built a concrete boat for the Paris International
Exhibition of 1855, with 2 inches sides reinforced with a skeleton of iron rods.
W. Wilkinson, who patented a method of constructing a concrete floor in
1854, is considered by many to be the inventor of reinforced concrete as well.
But many people say that a Frenchman, J. Monier, who, took out a patent
in 1867 for the construction of plant tubs, tanks, etc, made of concrete reinforced
with a mesh of rods or wires, should be credited with the invention. Certainly
Monier did a great deal to develop the use of reinforced concrete and his name
became so closely linked with reinforced concrete that reinforced concrete was
known as the Monier System.
Wilkinson, however, certainly appears to have been the first. His patent
covered for concrete floor slabs reinforced with a network of flat iron rods
placed on edge. One of his main claims was the good fire resistance of the floor.
He appears to have understood the principles of reinforced concrete, for he
stated that the reinforcement was to be placed in the concrete to take the tension.
7
A number of buildings were erected, using Wilkinson's system. He also
described method for the construction of pipes, reservoirs, and walls of concrete
reinforced with metal sheets, bars and chains.
Freyssinet is known for his work in prestressed concrete for which he had
his first ideas before First World War. With the improved materials and the new
knowledge available, Freyssinet realised the advantage to be obtained from
prestressing; and he used his system in prestressed works.
The post-war era has given the biggest boost to concrete, both reinforced
and prestressed. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had
to use either reinforced or prestressed concrete in their structures in order to
economize in steel.
Architects were perhaps a little surprised to discover that in many cases
reinforced concrete structures, apart from using the minimum of steel, were also
cheaper than other forms of construction, and could be erected as quickly. They
also discovered that they had more freedom for planning than they had ever before,
and a larger number of solutions to each structural problem were available.
Beams could be eliminated, floor spans could be increased, and shells were
available for roofing large areas.
Another big factor, which encouraged the use of concrete, was the introduction
of fire regulations, which recognized the superiority of concrete over other
structural materials in its fire resistance properties.
8. Compare your number of parts with that of your fellow students.
9. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.
10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and
use key words from them to make plan of the text in order to retell it
according to your plan.
11. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
steam machinery, manufacturing costs, were reduced, neglected material, scarce,
poor concrete, break-through, obtained, mixed with water, substance, powder,
reinforced concrete, a lattice of iron rods, contractor, inventor, invention, floor
slabs, fire resistance, construction of pipes, reservoirs, metal sheets, bars, chains,
prestressed concrete, advantage, architects, in order to, cheaper than other forms
of construction, could be erected, available, beams, eliminate, increase, encourage,
fire regulations, recognize, fire resistance properties.
8
12. Match pairs of words having the opposite meanings.
1. tension a) submit
2. scarce b) plentiful
3. neglect c) reduce
4. discover d) dismantle
5. solid e) looseness
6. increase f) conceal
7. remove g) discourage
8. encourage h) appreciate
9. resist i) supply
10. erect j) liquid
11. superiority k) inferiority
12. supply l) submit
13. liquid m) plentiful
14. inferiority n) reduce
13. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:
железные дороги; затраты на перевозку и производство; уменьшать, сок-
ращать; бетон; скудный, недостаточный; достижение, успех, открытие; по-
лучать, добывать; порошок, пыль; смешивать с водой; твердое вещество;
тоннель; сетка из железных прутьев; вставлять, врезать, вделывать; дюйм;
укреплять, армировать (бетон); патент; железобетон; изобретение; плиты
для пола; огнестойкость; напряжение; возводить, сооружать; листы из ме-
талла; преднапряженный бетон; улучшенные материалы; доступный; пони-
мать; архитектор; делать открытие; дешевый; балка, брус; устранять; уве-
личивать; ободрять, способствовать; огнестойкие качества.
14. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words
and phrases.
1. With the introduction of the railways and (парового оборудования),
transportation and manufacturing costs (были значительно снижены) and
concrete was more widely used, but it was still very much a (игнорируемый)
material.
2. (Поэтому), good concrete (было недостаточно) and a great deal of poor
concrete (использовалось).
9
3. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, an English worker, (создал, изобрел) hard substance
(которое) was so much like the building stone from Portland that the
(порошок) was named Portland cement.
4. Portland cement was first used (в большом масштабе) in the construction of
the Thames (тоннеля) in 1828.
5. The first idea of (железобетона) was mentioned in 1830 in a publication,
which suggested that a (решетка из железных прутьев) could be embedded
in concrete to form a (крышу).
6. W. Wilkinson, who patented a method of constructing a (бетонного пола) in
1854, (считается) by many to be the (изобретателем) of reinforced
concrete as well.
7. His patent covered for concrete (плиты для полов) reinforced with a (сеткой
из плоских железных прутьев) placed on edge.
8. A number of buildings (были возведены), using Wilkinson's system.
9. Freyssinet is known for his work in (предварительно напряженном
бетоне) for which he had his first ideas before First World War.
10. The post-war era has given the biggest (подъем) to concrete, both (железо-
бетона и проднапряженного) as after the war steel was short in Europe
and many (архитекторы) had to use either reinforced or prestressed
concrete in their structures (для того чтобы) economize in steel.
11. Another big factor, which (способствовал) the use of concrete, was the
introduction of fire regulations, which (признали) the superiority of concrete
over other structural materials in its (огнеупорным качествам).
15. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the
italicized phrase.
• erected • encouraged • qualities • roof • strength
• consists of • was invented • universal • facilities
• the inside part of the building • building • distribution
1. In offices with computer equipment floors are frequently used for the
delivering of electrical and communication wiring.
2. Portland cement was created by J. Aspdin in 1824.
3. The main good properties of prestressed concrete are its high toughness
and durability.
4. Many buildings were constructed using Wilkinson's system.
10
5. Generally, the load on roof is composed of two components: the snow load
and the wind pressure.
6. The introduction of fire regulations stimulated the use of concrete.
7. The covering on top of building serves to protect the interior of the building
from rain, snow, wind and cold.
8. Concrete is said to be a widespread material for construction.
16. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions or adverbs where
necessary: over, before, considerably, widely, after, with, therefore, with, of,
on, by, to, in, as, for.
1. ... the introduction … the railways and steam machinery, transportation and
manufacturing costs were … reduced and concrete came to be more … used.
2. …, good concrete was scarce and a great deal … poor concrete was used.
3. The big break-through was the discovery of Portland cement … Joseph
Aspdin in 1824, a worker in an English town.
4. Portland cement was first used … a large scale … the construction … the
Thames tunnel … 1828.
5. Lambort, a French contractor, built a concrete boat … the Paris International
Exhibition … 1855, … 2 inches sides reinforced … a skeleton … iron rods.
6. W. Wilkinson, who patented a method of constructing a concrete floor …
1854, is considered … many to be the inventor … reinforced concrete as well.
7. Monier did a great deal … develop the use … reinforced concrete and his
name became so closely linked … reinforced concrete that reinforced concrete
was known … the Monier System.
8. Wilkinson also described method … the construction … pipes, reservoirs,
and walls … concrete reinforced … metal sheets, bars and chains.
9. Freyssinet is known … his work … prestressed concrete … which he had his
first ideas … First World War.
10. … the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had to use either
reinforced or prestressed concrete in their structures … order to economize …
steel.
11. Another big factor, which encouraged the use … concrete, was the
introduction … fire regulations, which recognized the superiority …
concrete … other structural materials … its fire resistance properties.
