Engineering Methods in Aerodynamic Analysis and Design of Aircraft

254 Pages·2001·9.91 MB·English

ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE
AGARD REPORT 783
Special Course on
Engineering Methods in
Aerodynamic Analysis
and Design of Aircraft
(Les Mkthodes d'hgknikrie Employke lors de ;
1'Analyse et de la Conception des Akronefs)
The material assembled in this book was prepared under the combined sponsorship of
the Fluid Dynamics Panel, the Consultant and Exchange Programme ofAGARD, and
the von Khrmhn Institute, and was presented as an AGARD Special Course at the
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 6th-10th May 1991, at the
von Khrmhn Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-St-Gensse, Belgium 13th-17th May
1991 and at the Universitad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain 20th-24th May 1991.

AGARD-R-783
a G a m D
ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE
AGARD REPORT 783
Special Course on
Engineering Methods in
Aerodynamic Analysis
and Design of Aircraft
(Les Mkthodes d’hgknikrie Employke lors de
YAnalyse et de la Conception des Akronefs)
The material assembled in this book was prepared under the combined sponsorship of
the Fluid Dynamics Panel, the Consultant and Exchange Programme of AGARD, and
the von Kirmin Institute, and was presented as an AGARD Special Course at the
Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 6th-10th May 1991, at the
-+von Karmin Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-St-Genbe, Belgium 13th-17th May
1991 and at the Universitad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain 20th-24th May 1991.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
L -Orga nisation du Traite de I’Atlantique Nord
I
The Mission of AGARlD
According to its Charter, the mission of AGARD is to bring together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in the fields
of science and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes:
-Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabilities for the
common benefit of the NATO community;
- Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the Military Commiti:ee in the field of aerospace research and
development (with particular regard to its military application);
- Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthenin.gt he common defence posture;
-Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development;
-Exchangeo f scientific and technical information;
-Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their sckntific and technical potential;
- Rendering scientific and technical assistance, as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member nations in connection
with research and development problems in the aerospace field.
The highest authority within AGARD is the National Delegates Board consisting of officially appointed senior representatives
from each member nation. The mission of AGARD is carried out through the Panels which are composed of experts appointed
by the National Delegates, the Consultant and Exchange Programme and the Aerospac:e Applications Studies Programme. The
results of AGARD work are reported to the member nations and the NATO Authoritkr through the AGARD series of
publications of which this is one.
Participation in AGARD activities is by invitation only and is normally IimitNzd to citizens of the NATO nations.
Published January 1992
Copyright 0 AGAJW 1992
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 92-835-0652-9
Printed by Speciulised Printing Services Limited
40 ChigweN Lane, Longhion, Essex IGIO 3TZ
Recent Publications of
the Fluid Dynamics Panel
AGARDOGRAPHS (AG)
Design and Testing of HighPerformance Parachutes
AGARD AG319, November 1991
Experimental Techniques in the Field of Low Density Aerodynamics
AGARD AG-318 (E), April 1991
Techniques Experimentales Liees a I’Aerodynamique a Basse Densit4
AGARDAG-318 (FR),April1990
A Survey of Measurements and Measuring Techniques in Rapidly Distorted Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers
AGARD AG-315, May 1989
Reynolds Number Effects in Transonic Flows
AGARD AG-303, December 1988
REPORTS (R)
Aircraft Dynamics at High Angles of Attack Erperiments and Modelling
AGARD R-776, Special CourseNotes,March 1991
Inverse Methods in Airfoil Design for Aeronautical and Turbomachinery Applications
AGARD R-780, Special Course Notes, November 1990
Aerodynamics of Rotorcraft
AGARD R-781, Special Course Notes, November 1990
Three-Dimensional Supersonic/Hypersonic Flows Including Separation
AGARD R-764, Special Course Notes, January 1990
Advances in Cryogenic Wind Tunnel Technology
AGARD R-774, Special Course Notes, November 1989
ADVISORY REPORTS (AR)
Air Intakes for High Speed Vehicles
AGARD AR-270, September 1991
Appraisal ofthe Suitability ofTurhulence Models in Flow Calculations
AGARD AR-291, Technical Status Review, July 1991
Rotary-Balance Testing for Aircraft Dynamics
AGARDAR-265,Reportof WG 11,December 1990
Calculation of 3D Separated Turbulent Flows in Boundary Layer Limit
AGARD AR-255, Report of WG10, May 1990
Adaptive Wind Tunnel Walls: Technology and Applications
AGARDAR-269,ReportofWG12,Aprill990
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (CP)
Effects of Adverse Weather on Aerodynamics
AGARD CP-496, December 1991
I
Manoeuvring Aerodynamics
AGARD CP-497, November 1991
Vortex Flow Aerodynamics
AGARD CP-494, July 1991
Missile Aerodynamics
AGARD CP-493, October 1990
...
111
Aerodynamics of Combat Aircraft Controls and of(;round Effects
,WARD CP-465, Apnl 1YYU
Computational Methods fur Aendynamic Design (Interse) and Optimhation
AGARD-CP-463, Marsh 1990
Applicatiuns of Mesh Generation to Complex 3-0 Configurations
AGARD CP-461,M arch 199h
Fluid Dynamicc of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Shear Flows and Trwsition
AGARD CP-438. April 1989
1a lidntion of Computational Fluid Dynamics
AGAKD CP-437, Dccembcr 1988
Aerodynamic Data Accuracy and Qualit): Requirements and Cnpabilities in Wind '11 nnel 'I esting
AGAKD (.'P-429, July I YhX
Aerodynamics of Hypersonic Lihing Vehicles
.4GAW CP-428, November 1YR7
Aerudjnamic and Helated Hydrodynamic Studies Using Water Facilities
AGAW CP-413, June 1987
Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Aeronautics
AGARD CP-412, Novemhsr 1966
Store Airframe Aerod)namics
AGAKD ('P-389, ;\uy>t 1Y86
Ilnsteady Aerodjnamics -Fundamentals and Applications to Aircraft Dynamics
AGARD CP-3X6, November 13h5
Aeridynamics and Acoustics of Propellers
AGARD CP-366, Fcbruaq I9a.5
ImproBement of Aerodynamic Performance through Boundan I.ayer Control and Hi& I.ih S!stems
AGzWI) CP-365. Auyst 1 Yh4
Wind Tunnels and Testing Techniques
NiARD CP-348,Iebruary 1OaJ
Aerod)wmicr of Vortical 'l'ypt. Flows in Three Dimen$ionr
AGiWJ)CP-342. July l9b3
Missile Aerod)namics
AGARD CP-336, Fchruaq I h 3
Prediction of Aerudynamic Loads un Ruturcraft
AGARD CP-3.14, Sepremhu 1'982
Wall Interference in Wind Tunnels
,WARD CP-33.5. Scptemhcr lY02
Fluid Dynamics ofJetr mith Application, to 1,SI'OL
AGhKI) CP-308, Januq 1YS2
Aerodynamics of Power Plant Installation
AGARD CI'-3~11,Scptzmhcr1 961
Computation uf Vircnur-Inviscid Interactionr
AGNlD (3-291, lshruary 198 I
SubwnicAransonic Configuration Aerodynamic\
AGAW CP-285. September lY8O
'Turbulent Boundan Layers Experiments, Theor) and Modelling
AGAWCP-271,Januq IYXO
Aerodynamic Characteristics ulC ontrolr
AtiARD CP-262, September 1479
High Angle of Attack Aerodjnamics
,\(i.ARD CY-247, Iinuar). I57Y
Foreword
Engineering work in preliminary design of new projects is based, to a large degree, on basic fundamental
experimental tests, empirical procedures, and low level (fast, inexpensive, and easy-to-handle) computer
codes restricted to potential flow with simple correction terms for viscous effects. There is a need for
training young engineers joining industry to work with these simple engineering tools. Without skillful
use of these tools, the art of cost-effective preliminary design of new aircraft will be jeopardized.
The objective of this special course is to present proven engineering methods used during conceptual and
preliminary design and development of new aircraft concepts. The course will focus on simple
computational procedures for conceptual and preliminary design, low-level analysis computer codes,
and experimental techniques for aircraft pedormance predictions.
P.W.Sacher
Special Course Director
Avant-Propos
Les travaux dinginierie entrepris au niveau des etudes preliminaires d'un nouveau projet sont bases, en
grande partie, sur des essais expirimentaux fondamentaux, des proc6dures empiriques, et des codes
machine du premier echelon (rapides, peu conjteux et conviviaux) limit6 aux ecoulements potentiels,
avec des simples facteurs de correction pour les effets visqueux
a
Les jeunes ingenieurs qui dibutent dans l'industrie doivent 6tre formes l'emploi de ces outils simples
d'aide a la conception. Sinon, I'itude priliminaire des nouveaux avions dans des conditions de rentabilit6
acceptables sera fortement compromise,
L'objet de ce cours spkial est de presenter des mithodes d'ingeni6rie qui ant fait leurs preuves lors
detudes priliminaires et conceptuelles entreprises en vue de divelopper des nouveaux concepts
d'aeronefs. Le cours mettra I'accent sur des procedures de calcul simples pour l'etude preliminaire et
conceptuelle, des codes machine d'analyse intiale et des techniques exp&imentales pour la prevision des
performances des aeronefs.
L'W. Sacher
Special Course Stafif
Special Course Director: Dipl. Ing. P.W. Sacher
Deutsche Aerospace
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH
Military Aircraft Division
Advanced Design Dept.
P.O. Box 80 11 60
D-8000 Munich 80
Germany
LECTURERS
MI P.Pemer MI C.W. Boppe
Aviation Marcel Dassault Manager - Technology Development
Breguet Aviation B/35/35
78 Quai Carnot Grumman Corporation
92214 St.Cloud Bethpage, NY 11787
France United States
Mr H.W.M. Hoeijmakers
Dr J.E.Lamar
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Mail Stop 361
Anthony Fokkenveg 2
NASA Langley Research Center
P.O. Box 90502
Hampton, VA 23665
1006 BM Amsterdam
United States
The Netherlands
Mr B.Haines MI D.P. Raymer
3 Bromhan Road President, Concsptual Research
Biddenham P.O. Box 923156
Bedford MK40 4AF Sylmar, CA 9134.2-3156
United Kingdom United States
LOCAL COORDINATORS
Professor M. Carbonaro Professor R. Martinez-Val Professor C. Ciray
von Kirmh Institute Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Aeronautical Eng. Dept
for Fluid Dynamics E.T.S.I. Aeronauticos Middle East Technical University
Chaussie de Waterloo, 72 Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3 Inonii Bulvari Pk 06531
1640 Rhode-St-Genkse 28040 Madrid Ankara
Belgium Spain Turkey
PANEL EXECUTIVE
Dr W.Goodrich
Mail from Europe: Mail from US and Canada:
AGARI-OTAN AGARL-NATO
Attn: FDP Executive Attn: FDP Executive
7, me Ancelle Unit 21551
92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine APO AE 09777
France
Tel:[phone]
Telex: 610176 (France)
Telefax: 33 (1) 47 38 57 99
vi
Contents
Page
Recent Publications of the Fluid Dynamics Panel iii
Foreword/Avant-Propos Y
Special Course Staff vi
Reference
Introduction 1
by P.W.Sacher
Computational Procedures for Preliminary Design 2
by P. Perrier
Configuration Development 3
by D.P.Raymer
Survey of Experimental Techniques for Performance Prediction 4
by B. Haines
Panel Methods for Aerodynamic Analysis and Design 5
by H.W.M.Hoeijmakers
High Angle of Attack - Aerodynamics 6
by J.E. Lamar
Aircraft Drag Analysis Methods 7
by C.W.Boppe
vii