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ENERGY STORAGE
A Vital Element in Mankind's Quest
for Survival and Progress
Transactions of the First International Assembly
held at Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 27 May-1 June 1979
Editor
JOSEPH SILVERMAN
University of Maryland, USA
A conference jointly sponsored by the
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (USA)
and the
COUNCIL OF ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE (YUGOSLAVIA)
PERGAMON PRESS
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Copyright © 1980 Pergamon Press Ltd.
Ail Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in
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First edition 1980
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
International Assembly on Energy Storage
1st, Dubrovnik, 1979
Energy storage.
1. Energy storage - Congresses
I. Title II. Silverman, Joseph
621.4 TJ165 80-40771
ISBN 0-08-025471-3
In order to make this volume available as economically
and as rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have
been reproduced in their original forms. This method has
its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no
way distract the reader.
Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton & Co. Ltd., Exeter
PREFACE
The International Assembly on Energy Storage took place at the Hotel Libertas,
Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia during 27 May - 1 June 1979. It was the first
international gathering of industrial, academic, and government experts to
discuss all facets of energy storage: electrochemical, thermochemical and
thermal, photochemical, and mechanical. In addition to panel sessions and
lectures in these four areas, there were assessments using techno-economic
models of the impact of various aspects of energy storage. Responses to a
questionnaire circulated to the participants reveal that they adjudged the
conference to be an outstanding success.
This volume contains three main sections. The first consists of the plenary
lectures; which are designed to summarize the progress, problems, and future
opportunities in various areas of energy storage technology. The second
consists of Summary Proceedings. It was compiled mainly at the conference site
and includes summaries of both the papers and discussions at the plenary and
panel sessions. The last section consists of the papers presented during the
panel sessions.
As Secretary-General of the Assembly and editor of its publications, I am
pleased to acknowledge the contributions by various agencies and people to the
success of the meeting and to the production of these proceedings. First there
is the National Academy of Sciences (USA) and the Council of Academies of
Science (Yugoslavia) for their sponsorship of the conference; Prof. C. Newton
and Prof. L. Rakic were particularly helpful as representatives of the two
sponsors. Dr. G. Pezdirtz, Director of the U. S. Department of Energy's Division
of Energy Storage, is the originator of and the guiding spirit behind the
conference. Prof. A. Despic and Dr. R. Smelt, the co-chairmen of the meeting,
are noteworthy for their major roles in the organization and conduct of the
conference. Dr. DeMarquis Wyatt, Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences'
Committee on Advanced Energy Storage Systems, played an important role in all
scientific aspects of the meeting including the publications; he also proved to
be a genial banquet chairman. The noted science fiction writer, Mr. Frederik
Pohl, lived up to his reputation with an original and stimulating banquet
address. We were ably assisted in the pre-conference logistics of the Assembly
by Mr. H. Lowitt and Ms. C. Rice; the services of both were provided by
Resource Planning Associates (RPA), Inc. Mr. N. Ostojic of the Serbian
Administration for International Scientific, Educational, Cultural and Technical
Cooperation managed the proceedings at the Hotel Libertas with exceptional
E.S.—A*
ix
X Preface
skill. Special thanks are due to Mrs. W. Stevens for the direction of all aspects
of the publications; she was ably assisted by Mrs. C. M. Chappas.
Also, the RPA rapporteurs did an outstanding job in preparing the first draft
of the Summary Proceedings, and in assisting the panel chairmen in the
preparation of the panel reports.
Finally, I acknowledge with sincere gratitude the cooperation of the
participants in making the conference a success and providing a written record
of the papers presented. I believe their contributions will prove to be of great
benefit to all who work in the important field of energy storage.
Joseph Silverman
Institute for Physical Science
and Technology
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, USA
ORGANIZATION OF ASSEMBLY
GENERAL CHAIRMEN
Prof. A. Despic
Dr. R. Smelt
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Prof. C. Newton
Dr. G. Pezdirtz
Prof. L. Rakic
Prof. J. Silverman
Secretary-Genera I
CONFERENCE COORDINATORS
Mr. H. Lowitt (USA)
Mr. N. Ostojic (Yugoslavia)
PUBLICATIONS COORDINATOR
Mrs. W. Stevens
TRAVEL AND ACCOMMODATIONS
COORDINATOR
Ms. C. Rice
RAPPORTEURS
Ms. L. Burch
Mr. H. Lowitt
Dr. K. Mead
Mr. L. Oliva
Ms. C. Rice
Mr. M. Siat
Ms. M. Strauss
SPONSORED BY
National Academy of Sciences - USA
Council of Academies of Science - Yugoslavia
XL
PROGRAM
SUNDAY, 27 MAY 1979
REGISTRATION
RECEPTION
MONDAY, 28 MAY 1979
PLENARY SESSION I A: A. Despic (Yugoslavia), Chairman
Call to Order
Chairman's Remarks
R. Smelt (USA)
Welcome by Deputy Mayor
Introductory Address
J. Silverman (USA)
Keynote Lecture
A. Despic (Yugoslavia)
PLENARY SESSION IB: V. S. Bagotskii (USSR), Chairman
"Electrochemical Storage"
K. Kordesch (Austria)
"Thermochemical and Thermal Storage"
G. Wettermark (Sweden)
"Photochemical Storage"
J. Rabani ( Israel)
RECESS
PLENARY SESSION I I A: J. P. Longwell (USA), Chairman
"Mechanical Storage"
Z. Stanley Stys (USA)
xiii
XIV Program
"Modeling and Assessment"
U. LaRoche (Switzerland)
"An Overview of Energy Storage"
N. Lidorenko (USSR)
PLENARY SESSION I IB: J. Silverman (USA), Chairman
Discussion of Plenary Papers
TUESDAY, 29 MAY 1979
PANEL MEETINGS
1. Electrochemical Energy Storage Panel
"Fuel Cells and Metal-Air Batteries as Electrochemical Energy Storage
Systems"
H. Cnobloch
"Electrochemical Energy Storage on Board of Road Electric Vehicles"
P. Montalenti and G. Brusaglino
"Lithium Metal Sulfide Batteries for Electric Vehicles"
P. A. Nelson
"Oxygen Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems"
E. Yeager
"Electrocatalysis on Surfaces Modified by Foreign Metal Adatoms and Its
Application in Fuel Cells"
R. R. Adzic
"Hydrogen Energy Scenario"
S. Srinivasan
"Fuel Cells for Transportation"
H. Van den Broeck
"Ambient Temperature Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage"
A. J. Salkind
2. Thermochemical and Thermal Energy Storage Panel
Chairman's Introductory Remarks
N. Kurti
"Thermal Energy Storage for Non-Fossil Power Plants"
P. V. Gilli and G. Beckmann
"A Review of Current Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Projects"
C. F. Tsang
Program xv
"Large-Scale Annual-Cycle Thermal Energy Storage in Aquifers"
C. F. Meyer
"Thermal Energy Storage for Buildings"
A. L. Berlad
"Sweden - A Case for Long-Term Thermal Storage"
W. Raldow and G. Wettermark
"Thermal Energy Storage Using Metal Hydrides"
H. Büchner
"Summary of the U. S. Thermochemical Energy Storage and Transport
(TEST) Program"
T. T. Bramlette
"Method of Storage and Recovery of Thermal Energy by the Use of the
Chemical System: (Ethyl Sulfate) - (Ethylene, Sulfuric Acid)"
R. Rigopoulos, P. Yianoulis, A. Cutinas and A. Tsolis
"Research on Energy Storage at Risjo National Laboratory"
1. Ground Storage for Thermal Energy
0. Rathmann
2. Seasonal Heat Storage in Aquifers
J. Reffstrup and J. Würtz
3. Natural Gas Storage in Salt Caverns
S. Krenk, N. S. Ottosen, K. Jensen
and I . Rassmussen
4. Energy Storage Bssed Upon Metal-Hydrogen Systems
B. Vigeholm
"Past, Present and Future Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Research"
D. van Velzen
3. Photochemical Energy Storage Panel
"Limitations of Artificial Photochemical Solar Energy Storage"
M. Almgren
"Some Recent Progress in Semiconductor-Liquid Junction Solar Cells"
A. Hel ler and B. Miller
"Processes in Photogalvanic Cells and Their Possibilities in Solar Energy
Storage"
0. Haas
"Photoelectrical Cell for Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy Based on
Photosensitized Redox Reactions"
1. Kraljic
"Electron Transfer Processes in Micellar Systems"
E. Pelizzetti
XVI Program
"Photoredox Processes. Catalytic Generation of Hydrogen by Reactions of
Metal Ions and Water"
0. I. Micic and M. T. Nenadovic
"Protection, Size Factors and Reaction Dynamics of Collodial Redox
Catalysts Mediating Light Induced Hydrogen Evolution from Water"
J. Kiwi and M. Grätzel
"Brief Summary of Canadian Research and Development of Interest to
Photochemical Panel of the International Assembly on Energy Storage"
E. J. Casey and D. R. Snelling
4. Mechanical Energy Storage Panel
"Compressed Air Energy Storage Technology Program in the United States"
M. V. Loscutoff
"Actual C.A.E.S. Technology in Europe"
J. Pellin
"Demonstration of a Low Cost Flywheel in an Energy Storage System"
D. W. Rabenhorst
"A Flywheel Energy Storage and Conversion System for Photovoltaic
Appl ications"
A. R. Millner
"Fluid Bed Augmented C.A.E.S. Systems"
A. J. Giramonti
"Flywheel Energy Storage Systems Operating on 'Single Active Axis'
Magnetic Bearings"
P. C. Poubeau
5. Modeling and Assessment Panel
"Methods of Evaluating and Comparing Energy Storage Devices for
Automobi les"
H. C. Forsberg and E. Behrin
"Energy Storage in Automotive Vehicles: An Analytical Model"
R. F. McAlevy I I I
"Heating with Off-Peak Electricity: A Cost-Effective Way to Save Oil and
Gas"
J. G. Asbury
"The Assessment of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Utilities"
H. G. Pfeiffer
"Prioritization of Research Projects"
C. R. Johnson
