Energy Security and Geopolitics in the Arctic : Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century

320 Pages·2013·7.6 MB·English

by  Peimani

ENERGY SECURITY
AND GEOPOLITICS
IN THE ARCTIC
Challenges and Opportunities
in the 21st Century
March5,2013 11:59 9inx6in TheArctic:Geopolitics,InternationalRelationsandEnergySecurity b1342-R-fm
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
ENERGY SECURITY
AND GEOPOLITICS
IN THE ARCTIC
Editor
Hooman Peimani
Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The image “Northwest Passage–Northern Sea Route,” seen on the front cover, is taken from the link:
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic-sea-routes-northern-sea-route-and-northwest-passage; Hugo
Alhenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal.
ENERGY SECURITY AND GEOPOLITICS IN THE ARCTIC
Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century
Copyright © 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN-13 978-981-4401-46-3 (pbk)
ISBN-10 981-4401-46-3 (pbk)
In-house Editor: Ms Sandhya Venkatesh
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore.
Sandhya - Energy Security & Geopolitics.pmd 1 3/4/2013, 3:01 PM
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DISCLAIMER
The views and ideas expressed by the contributing authors of this
book do not necessarily represent those of the Energy Studies
Institute (ESI) and the publication of their chapters does not imply
thatESIsubscribestooragreeswiththeirexpressedviewsandideas.
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CONTENTS
List of Acronyms ix
List of Tables and Figures xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Contributors xix
About the Energy Studies Institute xxv
1. Introduction 1
Hooman Peimani
Section I: Is the Arctic Melting? 23
2. From White to Blue: The Shrinking Arctic Cryosphere 25
Shawn J. Marshall
3. Possible Changes to the Russian Arctic Environment
under the Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors 59
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Makeev
Section II: What Are the Stakes for the
Littoral States? 93
4. The Transnational Arctic and Russia 95
Nadezhda Klimovna Kharlampyeva
vii
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viii Contents
5. Norway and Russia: Neighbours with Strong Interests
in the Arctic 127
Arild Moe
Section III: What Are the Interests for
the Non-Regional Large Economies? 165
6. The Arctic: Geopolitics, International Relations
and Energy Security — A View from India 167
Neil Gadihoke
7. The Arctic and Japan: Energy Security
and Climate Security 191
Hiroshi Ohta
8. The Arctic Governance and EU ‘‘Soft Power’’ 221
Danila Bochkarev
9. Conclusion 249
Hooman Peimani
Index 261
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AC Arctic Council
AARI Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
ALDE Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program
AO Arctic Ocean
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ATF Arctic Task Force
BAU Business As Usual
BB Billion barrels
bcm Billion cubic meters
BEAC Barents Euro-Arctic Council
Bq Becquerel, unit of measuring radionuclide content
BRC Barents Regional Council
CAFE Conservational Arctic Flora and Fauna
CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States
CCS Carbon Capture and Sequestration
DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
EC European Commission
ECCS Emergency Core Cooling System
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
ENSO El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation
EP European Parliament
EU European Union
FPU Floating Production Unit
ix