Energy Management and Control Systems Handbook

398 Pages·1988·9.355 MB·English

by  F. William Payne, John J. McGowan (auth.)

Energy Management
and
Control Systems
Handbook
Second Edition
Energy Management
and
Control Systems
Handbook
Second Edition
R William Payne
and
John J. McGowan, CEM
Published by
THE FAIRMONT PRESS, INe.
700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30247
Library oe Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Payne, F. William, 1924-
Energy management and control systems handbook.
Bibliography: p.
Includes mdex.
1. Buildings--Energy conservation--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Heating-
Control--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Air conditioning--Control--Handbooks,
manuals, etc.
1. McGowan, John J., 1950- 11. Title.
TJ163.5.B84P39 1988 658.2'6 86-46132
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6613-3
Energy Management and Control Systems Handbook-Second Edition
©1988 by The Fairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publica
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any me ans, electronic
or n;teclianical, inc!uding photqcqpy, .reco~<!ing, or any infonJ;1ation storage and
retneval system, Wlthout permlsslon m wntmg from the pubhsher.
Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.
700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30247
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6613-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6611-9
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6611-9
While evety effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors
cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
Distributed by Prentice Hall
A division of Simon & Schuster
Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632
Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London
Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney
Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Toronto
Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo
Simon & Schuster Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore
Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro
Preface to Second Edition
The original Energy Management and Control Systems Handbook,
published in 1984, was a complete source of basic information on
computer control systems. This field, however, is expanding, driving
ahead, more rapidly than any other practical technology. To keep
up with the changes, a comprehensive revision was absolutely
necessary.
Further, the mood of the controls industry, and the marketplace
itself, demands additional information on a whole different series of
subjects. This Second Edition includes new data on Direct Digital
Control, Automation System Program Management, Non-Energy
Related Benefits of Systems Integration, Information Management,
Distributed Processing, and (perhaps the hottest topic of the '80's)
Standardization and Remote Communication.
The editorial support of a co-author with hands-on experience as a
Corporate Energy Manager, Energy Consultant, EMC Installer, and
Controls System Specialist has been enlisted in order to bring the
Energy Management and Control Systems Handbook completely up
to date.
As a result, this Second Edition is a state-of-the-art guide to build
ing automation and energy management systems that will enable
consultants, engineers, and contractors to grasp the complete picture
of the latest advances in this fast-moving technology.
F. William Payne
J ohn J. McGowan, CEM
Contents
Chapter Page
AUTOMA TION THROUGH ENERGY
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS-
WHERE WE STAND TODA Y ................... .
by Bill Gerken, Office of Building Energy Research
and Development, Us. Department of Energy
EMCS Industry and Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2
Current Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Education and Training ......................... 6
User Satisfaction, Cost Savings, and Other Benefits .... 9
Controls Standardization ....................... 11
Design Integration ............................ 13
Emerging Issues .............................. 14
Trend to Electronic Local Loop Controls . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Increasing Complexity of Control Strategies ........ 14
Market Absorption of Innovation ................. 15
Utility and Communitywide Energy Monitoring
and Control ............................... 15
2 10 REASONS WHY SOME AUTOMATION
(EMC) SYSTEMS DO NOT MEET THEIR
PERFORMANCE GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
3 THE FIRST STEP TO A SUCCESSFUL EMC SYSTEM:
DEVELOP AN INITIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
PLAN ...................................... 21
The Initial Energy Management Plan .............. 23
Select Buildings to Be Studied .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
Retaining a Consultant ......................... 26
Conducting an Energy Audit .................... 30
Contents
Chapter Page
3 Determine Energy Savings ...................... 35
(Con't) Consultant's Report ........................... 35
Prioritize ECOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Finalize and Implement the Initial Plan ............ 38
4 THE SECOND STEP: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT
THE FINAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN. . . . .. 43
First Part ................................... 43
Perform an EMC Systems Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Three Levels of EMC Systems ................... 48
Implement the Final Plan ....................... 52
5 LEVEL I EMC SYSTEM: MULTIFUNCTION
SUPERVISORY AND DEMAND CONTROLLERS ... 53
Supervisory Load Controller .................... 53
Optimal StartjStop Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56
Demand Controller ............................ 56
6 LEVEL II EMC SYSTEM: CENTRAL MONITORING
AND CONTROL SYSTEM ...................... 65
7 LEVEL III AUTOMATION SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY .............................. 69
Hardware Types .............................. 69
Function Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
Computer ................................... 71
Computer Fundamentals ..................... 71
Central Processing Unit (CPU) ................. 76
PeripheralDe~ces ............................ 82
Auxiliary Bulk Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
Personal Computers ......................... 88
Field Equipment ............................. 90
Multiplexer Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 90
Sensors ................................. " 91
Distributed Processing ......................... 98
Contents
Chapter Page
7 Data Transmission Links ...................... 102
(Con't) Software ................................... 109
Computer Languages ....................... 110
Types of Software ......................... 116
8 LEVEL III EMCS HARDWARE ................. 121
Computer Technology ........................ 122
Peripherals ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123
Field Equipment ............................ 123
Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
Miscellaneous Cost Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
Maintenance Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124
First Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
System Architecture .......................... 125
9 EMC SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
AND APPLICATIONS ....................... , 135
Basic Functions ............................. 136
Optimizing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140
Operational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147
Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152
System and Equipment Applications . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
10 DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL ................. 167
by Harris Bynum and Roger Henderson,
Regional Automation Speeialists, Honeywell, [ne.
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168
Benefits of DDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174
"Adaptive" DDC Contral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176
11 EMCS COMMUNICA TIONS
AND STANDARDIZATION 181
DDC Interface Process ....................... . 183
Conventional DDC Interface ................ . 183
Optimum DDC Interface ................... . 185
Interface Directions for the Future ........... . 186
Contents
Chapter Page
12 DESIGNING A LEVEL III EMC SYSTEM. . . . . . . .. 189
Basic Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 189
Technology Issues ........................... 192
Drawings .................................. 193
13 SPECIFYING A LEVEL III EMC SYSTEM ...... " 201
Major Specification Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 202
Sam pIe Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
by George R. Owens, PE., CE.M.
Detailed Specifications ...................... " 210
by George R. Owens, PE., CE.M. and
Terry Simms
14 EMC SYSTEM PROCUREMENT, INSTALLATION,
FINE-TUNING AND MAINTENANCE ........... 237
Obtaining Bids " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237
Contractor Selection ......................... 237
Post A ward Review .......................... 240
Shop Drawing Review ........................ 242
On-Site Debugging ......................... " 243
Fine-Tuning and Long-Term Considerations ........ 244
System Documentation ....................... 245
System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246
15 TIPS ON EMCS SPECIFICATION,
VENDOR SELECTION, OPERATION 249
by George R. Owens, PE., CE.M.
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249
Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 250
Point Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. 251
Configuration and Hardware ................... 254
Selecting a Vendor ........................... 256
Installation ............................... " 257
Operation and Maintenance .................... 259
Contents
Chapter Page
16 TRAINING THE EMC SYSTEM ST AFF . . . . . . . . .. 261
17 EMCS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ............. 265
Program Management Components .............. 265
Program Management Functions ................ 271
18 EMC SYSTEM GUIDELINES FOR
NEW BUILDINGS ........................... 273
19 LIFE CYCLE COSTING ...................... 277
by Albert Thumann, PE., CE.M.
Using the Payback Period Method ............... 277
Using Life Cyc1e Costing ...................... 278
The Time Value of Money ..................... 279
Investment Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279
Making Decisions for Alternate Investments ........ 285
Depreciation, Taxes, and the Tax Credit .......... 286
Life Cyc1e Cost Analysis Optimization . . . . . . . . . . .. 291
20 CASE STUDY I : COMPUTING EMC SYSTEM
ENERGY SA VINGS FOR A
NEW COMMERCIAL BUILDING ............... 305
by Delbert M. Fowler, P.E.
FS Consultants, Inc.
21 CASE STUDY 2: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS IN SUPERMARKETS ...... 323
by Jon R. Haviland, PE., CE.M.
Robinson 's Inc.
22 CASE STUDY 3: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS AT
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY ................... 333
by Michael E. McKay, Hugh W. Smith
Princeton University
Contents
Chapter Page
23 CASE STUDY 4: AUTOMATION ...
SHEDDING A LITTLE LIGHT
ON BUILDING SECURITY .................... 353
APPENDIX A - SOFTWARE DICTIONARY .............. 361
APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS ..................... 391
APPENDIX C - SUPPLIERS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS-BUILDING CONTROLS
AND AUTOMATION ................... 393
INDEX ............................................ 397