Energy Conversion, Second Edition

1208 Pages·2017·31.07 MB·English

by  D. Yogi Goswami

Energy Conversion
Second Edition
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Energy Conversion
Second Edition
Edited by
D. Yogi Goswami and Frank Kreith
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Goswami, D. Yogi. | Kreith, Frank.
Title: Energy conversion / [edited by] D. Yogi Goswami and Frank Kreith.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. | Series:
Mechanical and aerospace engineering series | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016057405 | ISBN 9781466584822 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Energy conversion.
Classification: LCC TK2896 .E485 2017 | DDC 621.042–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016057405
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ....................................................................................................................................xi
1. Global Energy Systems..........................................................................................................1
D. Yogi Goswami and Frank Kreith
Section I Energy Resources
2. Fossil Fuels .............................................................................................................................33
Robert Reuther, Richard Bajura, and Philip C. Crouse
3. Biomass Properties and Resources ...................................................................................61
Mark M. Wright and Robert C. Brown
4. Municipal Solid Waste ........................................................................................................73
Shelly H. Schneider
5. Nuclear Resources ................................................................................................................81
James S. Tulenko
6. Solar Energy Resources .......................................................................................................85
D. Yogi Goswami
7. Wind Energy Resource ......................................................................................................137
Dale E. Berg
8. Geothermal Energy ............................................................................................................177
Joel L. Renner and Marshall J. Reed
Section II Energy Conversion
9. Steam Power Plant ..............................................................................................................191
John Kern
10. Gas Turbines ........................................................................................................................209
Richard H. Bunce
11. Internal Combustion Engines ..........................................................................................223
David E. Klett, Elsayed M. Afify, Kalyan K. Srinivasan, and Timothy J. Jacobs
12. Hydraulic Turbines ............................................................................................................257
Roger E.A. Arndt and Leonardo P. Chamorro
vii
viii Contents
13. Advanced Fossil Fuel Power Systems .............................................................................281
Seyfettin C. (John) Gülen
14. Stirling Engines ..................................................................................................................447
Frank Kreith
15. Nuclear Power Technologies through Year 2035 ..........................................................455
Kenneth D. Kok and Edwin A. Harvego
16. Nuclear Fusion.....................................................................................................................491
François Waelbroeck
17. Energy Storage Technologies ...........................................................................................497
Jeffrey P. Chamberlain, Roel Hammerschlag, and Christopher P. Schaber
18. Solar Thermal Energy Conversion ..................................................................................525
T. Agami Reddy and Jeffrey H. Morehouse
19. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power ..............................................................................655
Manuel Romero, Jose Gonzalez-Aguilar, and Eduardo Zarza
20. Photovoltaics Fundamentals, Technology and Application ......................................765
Roger Messenger, D. Yogi Goswami, Hari M. Upadhyaya, Senthilarasu Sundaram,
Aruna Ivaturi, Stephan Buecheler, and Ayodhya N. Tiwari
21. Wind Energy Conversion ..................................................................................................851
Dale E. Berg
22. Biomass Conversion Process for Energy Recovery ......................................................897
Mark M. Wright and Robert C. Brown
23. Geothermal Power Generation ........................................................................................931
Kevin Kitz
24. Waste-to-Energy Combustion ..........................................................................................985
Charles O. Velzy and Leonard M. Grillo
25. Fuel Cells ............................................................................................................................1033
Xianguo Li
26. Direct Energy Conversion ...............................................................................................1085
Mysore L. Ramalingam, Jean-Pierre Fleurial, and George Nolas
Appendix A: The International System of Units, Fundamental Constants,
and Conversion Factors ...............................................................................1103
Appendix B: Solar Radiation Data .......................................................................................1109
Appendix C: Properties of Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids .....................................1137
Appendix D: Ultimate Analysis of Biomass Fuels ...........................................................1151
Index ...........................................................................................................................................1153
Preface
Issues related to global climate change are increasing in importance and urgency as people
around the world have begun to realize the threats of climate change. These concerns have
led the United Nations to adopt the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change in December 2015. Major countries including the United
States, China, India, and the European Union have agreed to set aggressive targets to
reduce emissions from greenhouse gases. With this background, improving the efficiency
of energy conversion from fossil fuels and nuclear power as well as increasing the use
of renewable energy sources have assumed greater importance. As a result of increased
research and development around the world, significant technology developments have
taken place in the last 10 years, since the first edition of this book was published. The
present edition covers the latest developments in energy conversion from traditional fossil
fuels and nuclear power as well as from renewable energy sources.
This book is divided into two parts: Energy Resources and Energy Conversion. Chapter 1
provides a global view of all the energy resources as well as their projected use for the next
20 years. Chapters 2 through 8 deal with available energy resources, including fossil fuels,
nuclear power, and renewable energy sources. Chapters 9 through 12 present conventional
energy conversion technologies used in steam power plants, gas turbines, internal com-
bustion engines, and hydraulic turbines. Advanced conversion technologies used in coal
power plants, combined cycle power plants, Stirling engines, nuclear power plants, etc.,
are covered in Chapters 13 through 16. Chapter 17 discusses various energy storage tech-
nologies. Energy storage is the key to increased use of renewable energy sources because
of their intermittent nature, specifically solar and wind.
Renewable energy technologies including solar thermal power, photovoltaics, wind
energy, biomass and biofuels, geothermal energy, and waste to energy combustion
are covered in Chapters 18 through 24. Chapter 25 presents the fundamentals as well
as the technology assessment of fuel cells. Thermionic, thermoelectric, and magneto-
hydrodynamic (MHD) methods used for direct energy conversion are discussed in
Chapter 26.
The majority of the material presented in this handbook has been extracted from the
Handbook of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy published in 2015, with some new addi-
tions to the text. It is hoped that bringing all the information on energy resources and their
conversion under one cover will be useful to engineers in designing and building energy
generation systems using traditional and renewable energy sources. The editors express
their appreciation to the authors for their forbearance and diligence in preparing this work
for publication.
In a work of this scope, errors and omissions are unavoidable. The editors would there-
fore appreciate feedback from readers in order to rectify any errors and improve the cover-
age in future editions.
D. Yogi Goswami
Frank Kreith
ix