Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of World Cultures
Volume IX
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES
David Levinson
Editor in Chief
North America
Oceania
South Asia
Europe (Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe)
East and Southeast Asia
Russia and Eurasia / China
SouthAmerica
Middle America and the Caribbean
Africa and the Middle East
Index
The EncyclopediaofWorldCultures was prepared under the auspices and with
the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University. HRAF,
the foremost international research organization in the field ofcultural an-
thropology, is a not-for-profit consortium oftwenty-three sponsoring mem-
bers and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries. The
HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages ofin-
formation on the cultures ofthe world.
Encyclopedia of World Cultures
Volume IX
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
John Middleton and Amal Rassam
Volume Editors
Candice Bradley and Laurel L. Rose
Associate Volume Editors
G.K. Hall & Company
An Imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan
NEWYORK
Prentice Hall International
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/ 1995 bytheHumanRelationsAreaFiles, Inc.
Firstpublished in 1994
byG.K. Hall &Co., an imprint ofSimon & Schuster Macmillan
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AUTightsreserved.
Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced inanyformorbyanymeans, electronicor
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(Revisedforvolume9)
Encyclopediaofworldcultures.
Includesbibliographical references, filmographies,andindexes.
Contents: v. 1.NorthAmerica/TimothyJ.O'Leary, DavidLevinson, volume
editors-[etc]- v. 9AfricaandtheMiddleEast/JohnMiddleton andAmalRassam,
volumeeditors.
1.Ethnology-Encyclopedias. I. Levinson, David, 1947-
GN307.E53 1991 306'.097 90-49123
ISBN0-8161-1840-X (set: alk. paper)
ISBN0-8161-1808-6 (v. 1: alk.paper)
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN0-8161-1815-9 (v.9: alk. paper)
Thepaperused inthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican
NationalStandardforInformationSciences-Permanence ofPaperforPrintedLibrary
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MANUFACTURED INTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA
Contents
Project Staff vi
Contributors vii
Preface xvii
Introduction toAfrica xxiii
Introduction to the Middle East xxxv
Maps
1. Africa xli
2. CulturesofAfrica xlii
3. TheMiddleEast xliii
4. CulturesoftheMiddleEast xliv
CulturesofAfricaand the MiddleEast 1
Appendix: Additional AfricanCultures 413
Ethnonym Index toAppendix 425
Glossary 431
Filmography 435
Index to Filmography 438
Directory ofDistributors 439
Ethnonym Index 440
The Editors 447
Project Staff Editorial Board
Research Linda A. Bennett
Patricia D. Andreucci Memphis State University
Europe
Bonnie Dyer-Bennet
RonaldJohnson
Femnado Cdmara Barbachano
Editorialand Production Instituto Nacional de Antropologra e Historia,
Mexico City
Victoria Crocco Middle Americaand the Caribbean
Elly Dickason
NormalJ. Diamond
Abraham Maramba
University ofMichigan
Ara Salibian
China
L. C. Salibian
Christine Wright Paul Friedrich
University ofChicago
Cartography RussiaandEurasia
Robert Sullivan
Terence E. Hays
Rhode Island College
Rhode IslandCollege
Oceania
Paul Hockings
University ofIllinois at Chicago
South, East and Southeast Asia
Robert V. Kemper
Southern Methodist University
Middle Americaand the Caribbean
John H. Middleton
Yale University
Africa
TimothyJ. O'Leary
Human Relations Area Files
NorthAmerica
Amal Rassam
Queens College and the Graduate Center ofthe
City University ofNew York
Middle East
Johannes Wilbert
University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles
SouthAmerica
Vi
Contributors
1. Abbink Falasha; Sun
InstitutvoorCultureleenSocialeAntropologie
KatholiekeUniversiteit
Nijmegen
TheNetherlands
RayG.Abrahams Nyamez and Sukumna
DepartmentofSocialAnthropology
CambridgeUniversity
Cambridge
UnitedKingdom
IfiAmadiume Ibibia; Igbo
DepartmentofReligion
DartmouthCollege
Hanover,NewHampshire
UnitedStates
NawalH.Ammar Nubians
DepartmentofCriminalJustice
KentStateUniversity
Kent,Ohio
UnitedStates
RonaldR.Atkinson Acholi
DepartmentofHistory
UniversityofSouthCarolina
Columbia,SouthCarolina
UnitedStates
KevinAvruch Jews ofIsrael
DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology
GeorgeMasonUniversity
Fairfax,Virginia
UnitedStates
Joelle Bahloul Jews of Ageria
DepartmentofAnthropology
IndianaUniversity
Bloomington, Indiana
UnitedStates
SandraT. Barnes Yoruba
DepartmentofAnthropology
UniversityofPennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
UnitedStates
Vii
viii Contniurs
AlanA. Bartholomew Turks
Library
AlbertusMagnusCollege
NewHaven,Connecticut
UnitedStates
DanielG.Bates Yrik
DepartmentofAnthropology
HunterCollegeoftheCityUniversityofNewYork
NewYork,NewYork
UnitedStates
DanF. Bauer Tray
DepartmentofAnthropologyandSociology
LafayetteCollege
Easton,Pennsylvania
UnitedStates
LoisBeck Qzshqa'i
DepartmentofAnthropology
WashingtonUniversity
St.Louis, Missouri
UnitedStates
JohnM. Beierle Dogon
HumanRelations AreaFiles
NewHaven,Connecticut
UnitedStates
PaulaGirshickBen-Amos Edo
DepartmentofAnthropology
IndianaUniversity
Bloomington, Indiana
UnitedStates
BarbaraA. Bianco Pokot
SocialScienceResearchCouncil
NewYork,NewYork
UnitedStates
PaulBohannan rw
ThreeRivers,California
UnitedStates
EmileBoonzaier Khoi
DepartmentofSocialAnthropology
UniversityofCapeTown
RondeboschCape
SouthAfrica
M. F. C. Bourdillon Shona
DepartmentofSociology
UniversityofZimbabwe
MountPleasant, Harare
Zimbabwe
CandiceBradley Luy
LawrenceUniversity
Appleton,Wisconsin
UnitedStates
JohnW Burton Anuak; Dinka; Nuer; Shiliuk
DepartmentofAnthropology
ConnecticutCollege
NewLondon,Connecticut
UnitedStates
Contrbutors ix
Annette Busby Kurds
SanRafael,California
UnitedStates
PeterCarstens Cape Coloureds
UniversityCollege
UniversityofToronto
Toronto
Canada
DawnChatty Bedouin
TheSultanateofOman
SumiColligan Karaites
DepartmentofSociology, Anthropology, andSocialWork
NorthAdamsStateCollege
NorthAdams,Massachusetts
UnitedStates
ElizabethColson Tonga
DepartmentofAnthropology
UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley
Berkeley, California
UnitedStates
RichardT.Curley Lango
DepartmentofAnthropology
UniversityofCalifornia, Davis
Davis,California
UnitedStates
MichaelM.Donovan Kipsigs
Brooklyn,NewYork
UnitedStates
VernonR. Dorjahn Temne
DepartmentofAnthropology
UniversityofOregon
Eugene,Oregon
UnitedStates
SusanDrucker-Brown Moaprusi
DepartmentofSocialAnthropology
CambridgeUniversity
Cambridge
UnitedKingdom
GeraldM.Erchak KPelie
DepartmentofAnthropology, Sociology,andSocialWork
SkidmoreCollege
SaratogaSprings,NewYork
UnitedStates
CaesarE. Farah Chaldeans; Jacobites; Maronites; Nestorians; Syriacs
DepartmentofHistory
UniversityofMinnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
UnitedStates
PamelaFeldman-Savelsberg Bamiekki
DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology
CarletonCollege
Northfield, Minnesota
UnitedStates
x Contributors
GregoryA. Finnegan Mossi
TozzerLibrary
HarvardUniversity
Cambridge,Massachusetts
UnitedStates
Jean-GabrielGauthier Fali
Laboratoiredel'Anthropologie
UniversitydeBordeauxI
Talence
France
MichelleGilbert Akan
Guilford,Connecticut
UnitedStates
EvaGillies Zande
Lewes,Sussex
UnitedKingdom
JackGlazier Mbeere
DepartmentofAnthropology
OberlinCollege
Oberlin, Ohio
UnitedStates
JackGoody Lobi-Dagarti Peoples
St.JohnsCollege
CambridgeUniversity
Cambridge
UnitedKingdom
N.ThomasHakansson Qusii
DepartmentofAnthropology
UniversityofKentucky
Lexington,Kentucky
UnitedStates
C.R. Hallpike Konso
DepartmentofAnthropology
McMasterUniversity
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada
RosemaryHarris Yako
DepartmentofAnthropology
UniversityCollegeLondon
London
UnitedKingdom
DavidM. Hart Berbers ofMorocco
Garrucha (Almerfa)
Spain
Bernhard Helander Somalis
DepartmentofCulturalAnthropology
UniversityofUppsala
Uppsala
Sweden
BarryS. Hewlett Tropical-Forest Foragers
DepartmentofAnthropology
WashingtonStateUniversity
Pullman,Washington
UnitedStates
