Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Volume 1. Abacus to China

592 Pages·2016·14.38 MB·English

9
Encyclopedia of
Modern Asia
9
Encyclopedia of
Modern Asia
Volume 1
Abacus to China
A Berkshire Reference Work
David Levinson • Karen Christensen, Editors
9
Editorial
Board
Virginia Aksan
McMaster University
Edward Beauchamp
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
Anthony Bichel
Central Michigan University
Rebecca Bichel
Pennsylvania State University
Linsun Cheng
University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth
Gerald Fry
University of Minnesota
Bruce Fulton
University of British Columbia
Paul Hockings
University of Illinois, Chicago
Robert LaPorte, Jr.
Pennsylvania State University
Associate Editors
Linda Arthur
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Jamal Elias
Amherst College
Allen Guttmann
Amherst College
Josie Hernandez de Leon
Laurentian University
Gustaaf Houtman
Royal Anthropological Institute, London, U.K.
Bruce Lockhart
Singapore National University
Patit Mishra
Sambalpur University
Anthony Smith
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Honolulu
Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
David Levinson and Karen Christensen, Editors
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Levinson, David, 1947-
Encyclopedia of modern Asia : / David Levinson, Karen Christensen,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-684-80617-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Asia—Encyclopedias. I. Christensen, Karen, 1957- II. Title.
DS4 .L48 2002
950'.03—dc21
2002008712
Printed in United States of America
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
9
Editorial and
Production Staff
Berkshire Publishing Group
Project Directors
David Levinson and Karen Christensen
Project Editor
Junhee Kim
Senior Editor
Francesca Forrest
Associate Editor
Marcy Ross
Copy Editors
Peter Donovan, Sharon Emmons, Ann Farkas, Adam Groff,
Suzanne Guiod, Elizabeth Hayslett, Jean Kaplan, Gary Kessler,
Michael Laraque, Laura Lawrie, Hope Leman, Stephen Lynch,
Lea Millay, Mike Nichols, Glenn Perkins, William Rodarmor,
Stephen Sanborn, Mark Siemens
Information Management and Programming
Deborah Dillon
Charles Scribner’s Sons
Project Editor
Sarah Feehan
Designer
Jennifer Wahi
Proofreaders and Editors
Tony Coulter, Mary Flower, David Hall,
Archie Hobson, Andrew Libby, Katherine Moreau,
Laura Patchkofsky, Joseph Pomerance, Linda Sanders
Senior Editor
John Fitzpatrick
Publisher
Frank Menchaca
9
Contents
Volume 1 Volume 4
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . xxv Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii Malaysia to Portuguese in Southeast Asia
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix
Abacus to China
Volume 5
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Volume 2
Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Possession to Turkey
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
China-India Relations to Hyogo
Volume 6
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Volume 3
Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Turkic Languages to Zuo Zongtang
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Directory of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Iaido to Malay-Indonesian Language Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA vii
9
List of Maps
Front Matter of All Volumes Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Central Asia Huang River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558
China and East Asia
South Asia
Volume 3
Southeast Asia—Insular
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Southeast Asia—Mainland
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
West and Southwest Asia
Indus River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Volume 1 Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Irian Jaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Altay Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Irrawaddy River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Amu Dar’ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Jammu and Kashmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Andaman and Nicobar Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Aral Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Java and Bali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Kalimantan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Karakoram Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Kara-Kum Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Bay of Bengal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Kara-Kum Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
Borneo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Killing Fields—Cambodia (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Brahmaputra River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 Luzon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530
Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
Chang River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504
Volume 4
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Volume 2 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
East Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Euphrates and Tigris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 Mekong River and Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Fergana Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Mindanao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Ganges River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Gobi Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Myanmar (Burma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Great Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Gulf of Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 North Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Himalayas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA ix
LISTOFMAPS
Pamir Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 Sumatra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Persian Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480 Syr Dar’ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
Taklimakan Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406
Volume 5
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Red River and Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Tian Shan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Réunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Tibet (Xizang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484
Sarawak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Tonle Sap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
Silk Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Volume 6
Spratly Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Strait of Malacca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
x ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA
9
Preface
T
he Encyclopedia of Modern Asia is an unprecedented effort at global understand-
ing. With a readership of students and nonspecialists in mind, a team of more than
eight hundred scholars and other experts from around the world has compiled this
six-volume, 2.2-million-word publication. In it, we explore economics, religion, tech-
nology, politics, education, the family, the arts, environmental issues, international
relations, scientific advances, and other vital aspects of the Asian experience that will
shape the twenty-first century. The Encyclopedia explains the relationship of Asia to
the rest of the world through its extensive coverage of the historical exchange of ideas
and inventions. Most important, it provides a variety of perspectives on issues and
events, and encompasses the past and the present of Asia in an authoritative and fully
cross-disciplinary work.
To provide the comprehensive view needed by students and scholars in our global
age, the Encyclopedia takes the broad and dynamic view of Asian history and culture
that does not make false assumptions about Asian unity or uniformity, but allows us
to look for continuity and diversity, change and variation, across and beyond this vast
territory.
The Encyclopedia contains over 2,600 entries, which range from 200 to 4,000
words. The text is supplemented by 1,300 illustrations, tables, and sidebars of mainly
primary-source materials; 90 maps; topical and regional outlines; and an extensive in-
dex. Articles have been written by experts from more than a dozen scholarly disci-
plines, from fields including banking, economic development, law, and human rights,
and from more than sixty nations.
Our goal when we began this project with Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1998 was to
make the Encyclopedia of Modern Asia the standard reference work on Asia. Much has
happened in Asia since then—the Asian economic crisis of 1997–1998 (the effects of
which remain), the September 11th terrorist attack on the United States in 2001 and
subsequent invasion of Afghanistan and war on terrorism, and increased fighting in
the Middle East—to name just a few.
After September 11, 2001, people were fascinated by the fact that three years ear-
lier we came up with the idea for this project, complete with coverage of the Central
Asian republics, the Taliban, and many articles on Islam. "Were you smart or lucky?"
someone asked. Our small publishing company’s mission is to focus on the "global
ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA xi