Encapsulation Nanotechnologies

446 Pages·2013·12.236 MB·English

Encapsulation
Nanotechnologies
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Encapsulation
Nanotechnologies
Edited by
Vikas Mittal
Chemical Engineering Department,
The Petroleum Institute,
Abu Dhabi, UAE
/
Scrivener
Publishing
WILEY
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-34455-2
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface xiii
List of Contributors xvii
1 Copper Encapsulation of Multi-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes 1
Yong Sun and Boateng Onwona-Agyeman
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Preparation of Copper Encapsulated CNTs 3
1.2.1 Arc Discharge 3
1.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 15
1.2.3 Laser Ablation 30
References 37
2 Novel Nanocomposites: Intercalation of
Ionically Conductive Polymers into
Molybdic Acid 41
Rabin Bissessur, Blakney Hopkins and Douglas C. Dahn
2.1 Introduction 41
2.1.1 Battery Technology 41
2.1.2 The Polymer Electrolyte 43
2.1.3 Intercalation Chemistry 45
2.1.4 Mo0 and Mo0 Derivatives 46
3 3
2.2 Experimental 47
2.2.1 Materials 47
2.2.2 Synthesis of POEGO 47
2.2.3 Synthesis of POMOE 48
2.3 Intercalation into Molybdic Acid 48
2.3.1 Intercalation of PEG into Molybdic Acid 48
2.3.2 Intercalation of POEGO into Molybdic Acid 48
2.3.3 Intercalation of POMOE into Molybdic Acid 48
v
vi CONTENTS
2.4 Preparation of Polymer-Lithium Complexes 49
2.4.1 Preparation of POEGO/LiOTf Complexes 49
2.4.2 Preparation of POMOE/LiOTf Complexes 49
2.4.3 Preparation of PEG/LiOTf Complexes 49
2.4.4 Intercalation of Polymer/LiOTf into Molybdic
Acid Compounds 50
2.5 Instrumentation 50
2.5.1 Powder X-ray Diffraction 50
2.5.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 50
2.5.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 50
2.5.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 50
2.5.5 AC Impedance Spectroscopy 50
2.6 Results and Discussion 51
2.6.1 Molybdic Acid 51
2.6.2 Polymers 54
2.6.3 Formation of Intercalated Nanocomposites 57
2.6.4 Ionic Conductivity 65
2.7 Conclusions 68
Acknowledgements 68
References 69
3 Fluid-Bed Technology for Encapsulation and
Coating Purposes 71
Roman G. Szafran
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Principles of Fluidization 74
3.3 Classification of Powders 78
3.3.1 Goossen's Classification of Particles
by Archimedes Number 79
3.3.2 Extended Geldart's Classification for
Nanopowders 80
3.4 Fluidized Bed Coaters 80
3.4.1 Top-Spray Fluid Bed Coater 81
3.4.2 Conical Bottom-Spray Spouted Bed Coater 83
3.4.3 Spout-Fluid Bed Coater (Wurster Type) 84
3.4.4 Rotor (Tangential) Spray Coater 85
3.4.5 Fast Circulating Spout-Fluid Bed Coater 86
3.5 Fluid-Bed Coating and Encapsulation Processes 88
3.5.1 Fluidized Bed CVD, ALD, MLD 89
3.5.2 Dry Coating of Fine Particles 92
CONTENTS vii
3.6 The Design, Optimization and Scale-Up of the
Coating Process and the Apparatus 94
3.7 Numerical Modeling of Fluid-Bed Coating 97
References 101
4 Use of Electrospinning for Encapsulation 107
Rocio Pirez-Masia, Maria Jose Fabra, Jose Maria
Lagaron and Amparo Lopez-Rubio
4.1 Introduction 107
4.1.1 Generalities About the Electrospinning
Technique 107
4.1.2 Advantages of Electrospinning for
Encapsulation 109
4.2 Electrospun Structures for the Encapsulation
of Bioactive Substances in the Food Area 112
4.2.1 Enzyme Encapsulation 113
4.2.2 Encapsulation of Probiotic Bacteria 114
4.2.3 Antioxidant Encapsulation 115
4.2.4 Encapsulation of Other Food Compounds 116
4.3 Electrospun Encapsulation Structures for
Biomedical Applications 117
4.3.1 Post-Spinning Modification 118
4.3.2 Blending and Emulsion Electrospinning 121
4.3.3 "Core-Shell Electrospinning" or
"Coaxial Electrospinning" 122
4.4 Other Uses of Electrospinning for Encapsulation 124
4.4.1 Energy Storage Devices 124
4.4.2 Optical and Electronic Devices 127
4.4.3 Biotechnical Plant Protection Systems 129
4.5 Outlook and Conclusions 129
References 130
5 Microencapsulation by Interf acial Polymerization 137
Fabien Salaiin
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Generalities 141
5.3 Encapsulation by Heterophase Polymerization 144
5.3.1 Emulsion Polymerization 144
5.3.2 Suspension Polymerization 145
5.3.3 Dispersion Polymerization 147
5.3.4 Miniemulsion Polymerization 148
viii CONTENTS
5.4 Microencapsulation by Polyaddition &
Poly condensation Interfacial 148
5.4.1 Location of the Film Formation 152
5.4.2 Reaction Rate 152
5.4.3 Shell Formation 153
5.4.4 Influence of the Synthesis Parameters
on the Formation of the Shell 156
5.4.5 Influence of the Synthesis Parameters
on the Particles Properties 157
5.4.6 Nanoencapsulation by Interfacial
Poly condensation 158
5.5 Microencapsulation by In Situ Polymerization 158
5.5.1 Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules 161
5.5.2 Urea-Formaldehyde Microcapsules 164
5.5.3 Silica Microcapsules 165
5.6 Conclusion 166
References 167
6 Encapsulation of Silica Particles by a Thin
Shell of Poly(Methyl) Methacrylate 175
Istdora Freris and Alvise Benedetti
6.1 Introduction 176
6.2 Synthesis of Silica (Nano)Particles and
Their Surface Modification 178
6.2.1 Silica Synthesis 178
6.2.2 Surface Modification of Silica Particles 179
6.3 Encapsulation of Silica Particles in a Thin PMMA Shell 181
6.3.1 In Situ Conventional Heterophase
Radical Polymerization 182
6.3.2 Controlled Living Radical Polymerization 195
6.4 Summary 198
References 199
7 Organic Thin-Film Transistors with
Solution-Processed Encapsulation 203
Feng-Yu Tsai and Yu Fu
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Environment-Induced Degradations of OTFTs 205
7.2.1 Pentacene-Based OTFTs 206
7.2.2 Polythiophenes-Based OTFTs 208
7.2.3 Requirements of Encapsulation 208
CONTENTS ix
7.3 Encapsulation of OTFTs 209
7.3.1 Polythiophene-Based OTFTs 209
7.3.2 Pentacene-Based OTFTs 216
7.4 Summary and Outlook 221
References 221
8 Tunable Encapsulation Property of Amphiphilic
Polymer Based on Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine 225
Decheng Wan and Toshifumt Satoh
8.1 Introduction 226
8.2 Synthesis of PEI-CAMs 228
8.3 Unimolecularity versus Aggregate of PEI-CAMs 230
8.4 Host-Guest Chemistry of PEI-CAMs 231
8.5 Charge Selective Encapsulation and Separation 233
8.5.1 Charge Selective Encapsulation for
Separation of Oppositely Charged Dyes 233
8.5.2 Switchable Charge Selectivity and
pH Recycle of the Host 238
8.6 Recognition and Separation of Anionic-Anionic
Mixtures by Core Engineering of a CAM 239
8.6.1 The Core Structure-Guest
Selectivity Relationship 239
8.6.2 Recognition of Similar Guest Molecules
in a Mixture 243
8.6.3 The Mechanism of Guest Selectivity
in Encapsulation 246
8.7 Modulation of the Guest Release of a CAM 247
8.8 Concluding Remarks 250
Acknowledgements 251
References 251
9 Polymer Layers by Initiated CVD for
Thin Film Gas Barrier Encapsulation 255
O.A. Spee, J.K. Rath and R.E.I. Schropp
9.1 Introduction 256
9.2 Initiated CVD Polymerization 258
9.2.1 Reaction Mechanism 259
9.2.2 Radical Creation 261
9.2.3 Deposition Rate and Molecular Weight 263
9.2.4 Monomer Adsorption 265
x CONTENTS
9.3 Coating by Initiated CVD 268
9.3.1 Thickness Control 268
9.3.2 Conformality 268
9.3.3 Retention of Functional Groups 270
9.3.4 Tunable Properties by Combining Monomers 270
9.3.5 Barrier Coating by a Single Organic Layer 271
9.4 Advantages of iCVD in Hybrid Multilayer
Gas Barriers 272
9.4.1 Using Thin Layers for Decoupling 273
9.4.2 Filling of Defects by Polymer 274
9.4.3 Smoothening of the Substrate 275
9.5 Specific Requirements for the Use in
Hybrid Multilayers 276
9.5.1 Planarization 276
9.5.2 Stability 277
9.5.3 High Glass Transition Temperature 279
9.5.4 Adhesion 280
9.6 Multilayer Gas Barriers Containing
Polymers by iCVD 281
9.6.1 Polymers by iCVD with PECVD Inorganics 281
9.6.2 iCVD Polymer and HWCVD SiN 283
x
9.7 Upscaling and Utilization 285
9.7.1 Roll-to-Roll and Inline Processing 285
9.7.2 Commercial Availability 286
References 287
10 Polymeric Hollow Particles for
Encapsulation of Chemical Molecules 291
Jong Myung Park
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 Colloidosome Approach 295
10.3 Internal Phase Separation/Precipitation Approach 299
10.3.1 Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation 300
10.3.2 Phase Separation by Solvent
Evaporation or Displacement 301
10.3.3 Controlled Precipitation Method 304
10.3.4 Other Methods 305