Emerging Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture: Roles in Stress Tolerance

468 Pages·2022·12.498 MB·English

by  Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem

Emerging Plant Growth
Regulators in Agriculture
Roles in Stress Tolerance
Edited by
M. Naeem
Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Tariq Aftab
Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Emerging Plant Growth
Regulators in Agriculture

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Contents
Contributors .......................................................................................................................................XIII
CHAPTER 1 Emerging roles of plant growth regulators for plants adaptation
to abiotic stress–induced oxidative stress ......................................1
Akbar Hossain, Biswajit Pamanick, Visha Kumari Venugopalan,
Ulkar Ibrahimova, Md. Atikur Rahman, Ayaz Latif Siyal, Sagar Maitra,
Subhrajyoti Chatterjee, Tariq Aftab
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Heat ....................................................................................................................3
1.1.2 Drought ..............................................................................................................4
1.1.3 Salinity ...............................................................................................................5
1.1.4 Heavy metal stress .............................................................................................6
1.1.5 Water logging .....................................................................................................6
1.2 PHs in abiotic stress tolerance .....................................................................................8
1.2.1 Function of classical PHs for adaptation of plants against abiotic stress ..........8
1.2.2 Role of specialized stress-responsive hormones for adaptation of plants
against abiotic stress ........................................................................................11
1.3 Physiological mechanisms of plant growth regulators for plants adaptation
to abiotic stress ..........................................................................................................30
1.3.1 Plant growth models incorporate eco-physiological mechanisms ...................31
1.3.2 Role of PGR in abiotic stress ...........................................................................32
1.4 Nonhormonal growth regulators and their role in stress ............................................32
1.4.1 Polyamines (PAs) .............................................................................................33
1.4.2 Salicylic acid (SA) ...........................................................................................34
1.4.3 Jasmonic acid (JA) ...........................................................................................35
1.4.4 Brassinosteroids ...............................................................................................35
1.5 Developmentally regulated genes and their role in growth regulators induced by
abiotic stresses in plants .............................................................................................37
1.5.1 Heat shock proteins ..........................................................................................37
1.5.2 Aquaporin genes ..............................................................................................37
1.5.3 MAP kinases ....................................................................................................38
1.5.4 Transcription factors ........................................................................................38
1.5.5 MiRNA ............................................................................................................40
1.5.6 HMG and histones ...........................................................................................41
1.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................41
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................42
References .........................................................................................................................43
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 2 Role of salicylic acid–induced abiotic stress tolerance and
underlying mechanisms in plants ................................................73
Kanval Shaukat, Noreen Zahra, Mohammad Bilal Hafeez, Rubina Naseer,
Aaliya Batool, Hina Batool, Ali Raza, Abdul Wahid
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................73
2.2 Role of SA in mitigating major abiotic stresses ........................................................74
2.2.1 High temperature .............................................................................................74
2.2.2 Chilling and freezing .......................................................................................74
2.2.3 Drought ............................................................................................................75
2.2.4 Salinity .............................................................................................................75
2.2.5 Heavy metal stress ...........................................................................................76
2.2.6 UV stress ..........................................................................................................81
2.3 SA-induced modulation in metabolic processes ........................................................81
2.3.1 Interaction of SA with other hormones ...........................................................81
2.3.2 Interaction of SA with secondary metabolites .................................................82
2.3.3 SA and osmolyte interaction ............................................................................83
2.4 SA-induced signaling mechanism .............................................................................83
2.4.1 Involvement of SA in ROS signaling ...............................................................84
2.5 SA-induced gene regulation under abiotic stress .......................................................85
2.5.1 Heavy metal stress ...........................................................................................85
2.5.2 Heat stress ........................................................................................................86
2.5.3 Drought stress ..................................................................................................86
2.5.4 Salt stress .........................................................................................................87
2.6 Conclusion and future prospects ................................................................................87
Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................88
References .........................................................................................................................88
CHAPTER 3 Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms
of plant steroid hormones brassinosteroids under drought-
induced oxidative stress in plants ...............................................99
Akbar Hossain, Visha Kumari Venugopalan, Md. Atikur Rahman,
Md. Jahangir Alam, Abdullah Al-Mahmud, Md Ariful Islam,
Ayaz Latif Siyal, Sagar Maitra, Tariq Aftab
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................99
3.2 BR and their role in response of plants to drought stress ........................................100
3.3 Role of BRs in growth and development of plants during drought stress ...............105
3.3.1 Seed germination and plant growth ...............................................................106
3.3.2 Shoot and root growth ....................................................................................107
3.3.3 Leaves growth ................................................................................................107
3.3.4 Chlorophyll and photosynthesis ....................................................................108
3.4 BRs interaction with endogenous plant hormones, osmoprotectants, and
antioxidant enzymes during drought stress ..............................................................109
3.4.1 Interactions between BRs and ABA ..............................................................110
3.4.2 Interactions between BRs and ethylene .........................................................111
Contents vii
3.4.3 Interactions between BRs and auxins ............................................................113
3.4.4 Interactions between BRs and gibberellins ....................................................113
3.4.5 Interactions between BRs and SA .................................................................113
3.4.6 Interactions between BRs and polyamines ....................................................114
3.4.7 Interactions between BRs and JA ..................................................................114
3.4.8 Interactions between BRs and NO .................................................................114
3.4.9 Interaction of BRs with osmoprotectants and antioxidant enzymes
during drought stage ......................................................................................115
3.5 The molecular mechanisms of BR-regulated drought stress response in plants......115
3.5.1 ABA signaling pathway .................................................................................117
3.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................118
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................118
References .......................................................................................................................119
CHAPTER 4 Mechanism and function of salicylate in plant toward biotic
stress tolerance .......................................................................131
Parul Tyagi, Ayushi Singh, Anamika Gupta, Mrinalini Prasad, Rajiv Ranjan
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................131
4.2 Importance of SA research on agriculture ...............................................................134
4.3 Plant–pathogen interactions .....................................................................................135
4.3.1 Surface resistance proteins.............................................................................135
4.3.2 Local and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) .............................................137
4.4 Part of SA in plant disease resistance ......................................................................139
4.5 Classical and biochemical approaches to identify SA receptor ...............................140
4.6 Regulation of level of cytosolic SA .........................................................................142
4.7 Elucidation of signaling pathway according to different approaches ......................143
4.7.1 Regulation of SA accumulation .....................................................................143
4.8 Biosynthesis of SA ..................................................................................................147
4.8.1 Isomerizes chorismate (IC) pathway .............................................................149
4.8.2 PAL pathway ..................................................................................................150
4.9 Function of the IC versus PAL pathways ................................................................151
4.10 Mode of action of SA ............................................................................................153
4.11 Techniques for SA quantification ..........................................................................153
4.12 Conclusion .............................................................................................................154
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................155
References .......................................................................................................................156
CHAPTER 5 Jasmonates: key players in plant stress tolerance ......................165
Deepu Pandita
5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................165
5.2 Jasmonates (JAs): what, when, and why? ................................................................166
5.3 JA-mediated stress responses ...................................................................................167
5.3.1 Biotic stress tolerance ....................................................................................168
5.3.2 Abiotic stress tolerance ..................................................................................169
viii Contents
5.4 Elevated ozone (O ) .................................................................................................178
3
5.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................179
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................179
References .......................................................................................................................180
CHAPTER 6 Physiological roles of karrikins in plants under abiotic
stress conditions ......................................................................193
Michal Antala
6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................193
6.2 A brief history of germination cue from smoke ......................................................193
6.3 Perception of karrikins by plants .............................................................................195
6.4 Effect of karrikins on plants .....................................................................................196
6.5 Roles of karrikins under abiotic stress conditions ...................................................198
6.6 Conclusions and future perspectives ........................................................................200
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................200
References .......................................................................................................................201
CHAPTER 7 Emerging roles of strigolactones in plant responses toward
biotic stress .............................................................................205
Philip B. Brewer
7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................205
7.2 Strigolactone involvement in biotic stress tolerance................................................207
7.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................209
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................210
References .......................................................................................................................210
CHAPTER 8 Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide interactions in plants under
adverse environmental conditions .............................................215
M. Nasir Khan, Zahid H. Siddiqui, M. Naeem, Zahid K. Abbas,
M. Wahid Ansari
8.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................215
8.2 Biosynthesis of NO in plants ...................................................................................216
8.3 Biosynthesis of H S in plants ..................................................................................217
2
8.4 Role NO and H S in mediating plant adaptive responses to abiotic stress ..............218
2
8.4.1 Low temperature stress ..................................................................................220
8.4.2 High temperature stress .................................................................................221
8.4.3 Drought stress ................................................................................................223
8.4.4 Salinity stress .................................................................................................224
8.4.5 Metal stress ....................................................................................................225
8.4.6 Other stresses .................................................................................................227
8.5 Interaction of NO and H S with other signaling molecules ....................................227
2
8.6 Mechanism of H S and NO action...........................................................................228
2
8.6.1 PTM and NO ..................................................................................................228
8.6.2 PTM and H S .................................................................................................229
2
Contents ix
8.7 Conclusions and future perspectives ........................................................................230
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................231
References .......................................................................................................................231
CHAPTER 9 Melatonin: an elicitor of plant tolerance under prevailing
environmental stresses .............................................................245
Mona F.A. Dawood
9.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................245
9.2 History .....................................................................................................................246
9.3 Occurrence ...............................................................................................................246
9.4 Physiological role of MEL .......................................................................................247
9.5 The improving roles of MEL under natural and stress conditions ..........................251
9.5.1 Nonstressed conditions ..................................................................................251
9.5.2 Abiotic and biotic stress responses of plants to MEL ....................................252
9.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................269
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................270
References .......................................................................................................................270
CHAPTER 10 Strigolactones: regulation of biosynthesis, hormonal crosstalk,
and its role in abiotic stress adaptation .....................................287
Amrina Shafi, Farhana Hassan, Firdous A Khanday
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................287
10.2 Biosynthesis and regulation of SL signaling .........................................................288
10.3 SLs in promoting abiotic stress resilience .............................................................289
10.4 Signaling crosstalk between SLs and other plant hormones .................................292
10.5 Genetic modulation of SL content/response in crops for improved abiotic
stress tolerance .......................................................................................................294
10.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................296
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................297
References .......................................................................................................................297
CHAPTER 11 Physiological roles and signaling of polyamines in plants under
stressed conditions ..................................................................303
Elžbieta Jankovska-Bortkevič, Virgilija Gavelienė, Sigita Jurkonienė
11.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................303
11.2 PAs functions in plants ..........................................................................................304
11.3 Biosynthesis of PAs ...............................................................................................306
11.4 Metabolism of PAs under stress conditions ...........................................................307
11.5 The exogenous supply of PAs and transgenic PAs for plant stress tolerance ........308
11.6 Conclusions and future prospects ..........................................................................309
Funding ............................................................................................................................310
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................310
References .......................................................................................................................311
x Contents
CHAPTER 12 Physiological roles of hydrogen sulfide under heavy metal stress .....317
Réka Szőllősi, Vivien Krisztina Hodács
12.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................317
12.2 The role of H S in plants at physiological conditions ...........................................318
2
12.3 The role of H S in plants under HM stress ............................................................319
2
12.4 The effects of H S supplement under HM stress ...................................................320
2
12.5 Conclusions and future perspectives .....................................................................327
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................327
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................328
References .......................................................................................................................329
CHAPTER 13 Role of glycine betaine in stress management in plants ..............335
Muhammad Ashar Ayub, Muhammad Zia ur Rehman, Wajid Umar, Zia Ur
Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sarfraz, Hamaad Raza Ahmad, Zahoor Ahmad,
Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................335
13.2 Biosynthesis of GB ................................................................................................336
13.3 Bioaccumulation and translocation of GB ............................................................337
13.4 Role and mechanisms of GB in stress management..............................................338
13.5 Interaction of GB with other amendments ............................................................346
13.6 Genetic engineering for GB biosynthesis ..............................................................346
Summary .........................................................................................................................347
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................347
References .......................................................................................................................347
CHAPTER 14 Biogenic amines in plant cell at norma and stress: probes for
dopamine and histamine ...........................................................357
Victoria V. Roshchina
14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................357
14.2 Common look on the role of catecholamines and histamine in plants at
norma and stress ....................................................................................................357
14.3 General principles of cell responses to biogenic amines .......................................359
14.4 Approaches for studying biogenic amines in plant cells .......................................362
14.5 Occurrence of dopamine and histamine in cells ....................................................364
14.6 Location of biogenic amines in plant cell .............................................................365
14.7 Biogenic amines as markers of stress in plant cells and their adaptation
to stress ..................................................................................................................367
14.8 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................372
References .......................................................................................................................372
CHAPTER 15 Alleviation of abiotic stress by newly discovered fire-instigated
hormone: karrikin .....................................................................377
Shristi Sharma, Renu Sharma, Shabir A. Rather
15.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................377