Table Of ContentEmerging Carbon-Based
Nanocomposites for
Environmental Applications
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Emerging Carbon-Based
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Nanocomposites for
Environmental Applications
Edited by
Ajay Kumar Mishra,
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
and Shivani Bhardwaj Mishra
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119554851
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xi
1 Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Remediation
of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants from Wastewater 1
Prasenjit Kar, Pratyush Jain, Raju Kumar Gupta
and Kumud Malika Tripathi
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Graphene Oxide 5
1.2.1 GO and GO-Nanocomposite for Water Remediation
via Adsorption 6
1.3 Carbon Nanotube 15
1.3.1 CNTs as Adsorbent 16
1.4 Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
2 Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal
Treatment in Water: Advance Removal Techniques and Practices 31
Sandip Mandal, Sangeeta Adhikari, Pu Shengyan,
Ajay Kumar Mishra and R.K Patel
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Water Contamination by Heavy Metals 33
2.3 Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites 34
2.4 Advanced Removal Techniques in Water 36
2.4.1 Sedimentation 36
2.4.2 Chemical Coagulation/Flocculation 38
2.4.3 Chemical Oxidation/Reduction 39
2.4.4 Ion-Exchange Process 40
2.4.5 Adsorption 42
2.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 48
References 48
v
vi Contents
3 Green Nanocomposites: Advances and Applications
in Environmentally Friendly Carbon Nanomaterials 55
Naveen Bunekar and Tsung Yen Tsai
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Nanocomposites and their Processing Methods 57
3.3 Structures of Carbon Materials 58
3.4 Polymer/Carbon-Based Nanocomposite 58
3.5 Removal of Chemical Contaminants 60
3.6 Energy Sector 63
3.7 Gas Sensors 64
3.8 Conclusion and Outlook 65
Acknowledgment 65
References 65
4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Heterogeneous Catalysts
for Organic Reactions in Environment Friendly Solvents 71
Priyanka Choudhary, Ajay Kumar, Ashish Bahuguna
and Venkata Krishnan
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Coupling Reactions 74
4.2.1 C-C Coupling 74
4.2.2 C-N Coupling 77
4.3 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Oxidation Reactions 80
4.3.1 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes/Ketones/Acids 80
4.3.2 Oxidation of Amines to Imines 85
4.3.3 Oxidation of Other Functional Groups 85
4.4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Reduction Reactions 90
4.4.1 Reduction of Nitro Compounds 90
4.4.2 CO Reduction 94
2
4.4.3 Hydrogenation Reactions 97
4.5 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Other Organic
Transformation Reactions 100
4.5.1 Aza-Michael Addition 100
4.5.2 Tandem Reaction 108
4.5.3 Esterification Reaction 108
4.5.4 Synthesis of Amides From Alcohols 110
4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 113
References 114
Contents vii
5 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite and Environmental
Perspective 121
Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 The Vision of the Study 122
5.3 The Vast Scientific Doctrine of Carbon-Based Polymer
Nanocomposites 123
5.4 Environmental Sustainability and the Vision
for the Future 124
5.5 Environmental Protection, the Scientific Ingenuity,
and the Visionary Future 124
5.6 Recent Advances in the Field of Nanocomposites 125
5.7 Recent Advances in the Field of Carbon-Based Polymer
Nanocomposites and Environmental Pollution Control 129
5.8 Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites
for Adsorbent Applications 133
5.9 Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites
as Anti-Microbial Agents and Membranes 135
5.10 Applications of Carbon Nanocomposites in Removal of
Hazardous Organic Substances 136
5.11 Water Purification, Groundwater Remediation,
and the Future of Science 137
5.12 Arsenic and Heavy Metal Groundwater Remediation
and Composite Science 138
5.13 Integrated Water Resource Management, Human Factor
Engineering, and Nanotechnology—A Definite Vision 138
5.14 Technology Management, Environmental Protection,
and Water Resource Management 139
5.15 Future of Nanocomposite Applications
and Future Research Trends 140
5.16 Conclusion, Summary, and Vast Scientific Perspectives 141
References 142
Important Websites for Reference 144
6 Biochar-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic
Pollutants from Aqueous Systems 147
Nhamo Chaukura, Thato M Masilompane, Willis Gwenzi
and Ajay K. Mishra
6.1 Introduction 148
6.2 Biosorbents 149
6.2.1 Raw Biomass 150
6.2.2 Activated/Synthetic Biomaterials 152
viii Contents
6.3 Biochar Production Techniques 155
6.4 Application of Biosorbents for the Sequestration of Selected
Organic Pollutants 156
6.4.1 Sequestration of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
and Pharmaceuticals 156
6.4.2 Removal of Dyes 157
6.4.3 Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 157
6.5 Removal Mechanisms 163
6.6 Challenges Associated With Biochar Technology 164
6.7 Conclusion 164
6.8 Future Scenario 165
References 165
7 Advances in Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green
Nanocomposites 175
Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green Nanocomposites 176
7.2.1 CNT-Filled Green Nanocomposites 176
7.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivative Filler-Based
Nanocomposites 177
7.2.3 Nanodiamond-Filled Green Nanocomposite 177
7.3 Methods of Processing for Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 178
7.3.1 Melt Intercalation 178
7.3.2 Exfoliation Adsorption 178
7.3.3 Emulsion Polymerization 178
7.3.4 In Situ Polymerization 178
7.3.5 Template Synthesis (Sol-Gel Technology) 178
7.3.6 Green Methods 179
7.4 Unique Properties of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites 179
7.4.1 Size and Structure 179
7.4.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 180
7.4.3 Electrical Properties 182
7.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites 182
7.5.1 Wastewater Treatment 183
7.5.2 Packaging and Coating 184
7.5.3 Sensing and Detection 185
7.5.4 As Catalyst 186
7.5.5 Biomedical Applications 187
7.5.6 Miscellaneous 188
Contents ix
7.6 Future Prospects 188
7.7 Conclusions 189
References 190
8 Removal of Trihalomethanes from Water Using Nanofiltration
Membranes 203
Feyisayo Victoria Adams and Peter Apata Olubambi
8.1 Introduction 204
8.2 Factors Influencing the Removal of THMs From Water 204
8.2.1 Effects of Other Contaminants on Formation
and Removal of THMs 205
8.2.2 Effects of Transmembrane Pressures, Fluxes,
and Feed Concentrations 206
8.2.3 Effect of THMs Adsorption on Rejection 206
8.2.4 Effect of Membrane Materials 207
8.3 Summary and Outlook 208
References 209
9 Nanocomposite Materials as Electrode Materials in Microbial
Fuel Cells for the Removal of Water Pollutants 213
Akil Ahmad, Asma Khatoon, Mohammad Faisal Umar,
Syed Zaghum Abbas and Mohd Rafatullah
9.1 Introduction 213
9.2 Microbial Fuel Cells: An Emerging Wastewater Treatment
and Power Technology 215
9.3 Pollutants Removal Using MFCs System 215
9.3.1 Metal Removal Using MFCs System 216
9.3.2 Organic Pollutants Using MFCs System 224
9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 227
Acknowledgement 228
References 228
10 Plasmonic Smart Nanosensors for the Determination
of Environmental Pollutants 237
Yeşeren Saylan, Fatma Yılmaz, Erdoğan Özgür,
Ali Derazshamshir and Adil Denizli
10.1 Introduction 238
10.2 Principle of Plasmonic Nanosensors 239
10.3 Applications of Plasmonic Nanomaterials in Sensing 241
10.3.1 Recognition Molecules 242
10.3.1.1 Enzymes 242
10.3.1.2 Antibodies 243
x Contents
10.3.1.3 Aptamers 243
10.3.1.4 DNAzymes 246
10.3.1.5 Whole Cells 246
10.3.2 Quantum Dots 248
10.3.3 Gold Nanoparticles 249
10.3.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 253
10.4 Plasmonic Nanosensors 254
10.4.1 Evanescent Wave Fiber Nanosensors 254
10.4.2 SPR Nanosensors 255
10.4.3 SERS and LSPR-Based Optical Nanosensors 261
10.5 Plasmonic Nanosensors for Pollution Control and Early
Warning 264
10.6 Conclusion, Key Trends and Perspectives 265
References 266
Index 281
