Emerging Areas in Bioengineering

860 Pages·2018·90.39 MB·English

by  Ho Nam Chang

Editedby
HoNamChang
EmergingAreasinBioengineering
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V
ContentstoVolume1
ListofContributors xvii
AbouttheSeriesEditors xxxiii
PartI Biocatalysis 1
1 IntroductiontoEmergingAreasinBioengineering 3
HoNamChang
1.1 Biotechnology 3
1.1.1 ShortHistories 3
1.1.2 ApplicationAreas 4
1.1.3 MarketsandIndustries 5
1.1.4 ScopeofBiotechnology 6
1.2 Bioengineering 6
1.2.1 HistoryofEngineering 6
1.2.2 TwoDifferentBioengineering 7
1.2.3 ChemicalEngineering 7
1.2.3.1 TheFirstChemicalEngineer 8
1.2.4 BiochemicalEngineering(1945–1978) 8
1.2.4.1 PenicillinProduction 8
1.2.4.2 MassProductionofPenicillin 9
1.2.5 BiochemicalEngineeringEducation 10
1.2.6 BiomedicalMedicalEngineeringActivities(before1970) 11
1.3 EmergingAreas 12
1.3.1 Evolvement(Birth) 12
1.3.2 BiologicalEngineering 12
1.3.3 Bioengineering/BiologicalEngineeringinChemicalEngineering
Department 13
1.3.4 Biomaterials 14
1.3.5 MarineBiotechnology 14
1.3.5.1 MarineBiotechnology 15
1.3.6 EnvironmentalBiotechnology 15
1.3.7 BiomedicalEngineering 15
1.3.8 Multidisciplinary(OMICS)Approach 17
VI Contents
1.3.8.1 BiomusicalEngineering 17
1.3.8.2 JournalofBioterrorismandDefense 17
1.4 CurrentVolume 17
Acknowledgments 18
References 19
2 Over-ExpressionofFunctionallyActiveInclusionBodiesofEnzymesin
RecombinantEscherichiacoli 21
Wen-ChienLeeandShao-YenHsu
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 FormationandCompositionofIBs 21
2.3 EnhancementofProteinQualityandEnzymaticActivityinIBs 24
2.4 ApplicationsofEnzyme-BasedIBs 25
2.5 AnExampleofIBs:N-acetyl-D-neuraminicAcidAldolase 26
2.6 ConcludingRemarks 29
Acknowledgments 30
References 30
3 EnzymaticReactionsinIonicLiquids 35
NgocLanMaiandYoon-MoKoo
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 EnzymaticReactionsinIonicLiquids 37
3.2.1 HydrolyticEnzymesinIonicLiquids 39
3.2.2 NonhydrolyticEnzymesinIonicLiquids 44
3.2.2.1 OxidoreductasesinIonicLiquids 44
3.2.2.2 OtherEnzymesinIonicLiquids 46
3.2.3 WholeCell-CatalyzedReactionsinIonicLiquids 47
3.3 FactorsAffectingEnzymaticReactionsinIonicLiquids 47
3.4 MethodstoImproveEnzymeActivityandStabilityinIonic
Liquids 49
3.4.1 ModificationofEnzymes 50
3.4.2 ModificationofSolvents 51
3.4.3 DesigningEnzyme-CompatibleIonicLiquids 52
3.5 ConclusionsandPerspectives 52
AbbreviationsofIonicLiquids 53
Cations 53
Anions 53
References 54
4 EnzymeImmobilizationonNanoparticles:RecentApplications 67
Cheng-KangLeeandAi-NhanAu-Duong
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 PreparationofEnzyme-ImmobilizedNanoparticles 68
4.2.1 PhysicalAdsorption 68
4.2.2 Encapsulation/Entrapment 69
Contents VII
4.2.3 CovalentAttachments 70
4.2.4 Cross-Linking 70
4.2.5 BioaffinityInteractionsandOtherMethods 71
4.3 ApplicationofEnzymeNanoparticles 71
4.3.1 EnNPforBiomedicalApplication 71
4.3.1.1 EnNPforThrombolyticTherapy 72
4.3.1.2 EnNPforInflammationandOxidativeStressTherapy 72
4.3.1.3 EnNPforAntibacterialTreatment 73
4.3.2 EnNPforBiosensorApplications 73
4.3.3 EnNPforBiofuelProduction 75
4.4 ConclusionandPerspectives 75
References 76
5 WholeCellBiocatalystsUsingEnzymesDisplayedonYeastCell
Surface 81
KentaroInokuma,TomohisaHasunuma,andAkihikoKondo
ConciseDefinitionofSubject 81
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 GPI-AnchoringSystem 82
5.3 C-TerminusFreeDisplaySystems 83
5.4 ApplicationsoftheYeastCellSurfaceDisplaySystemfor
Biocatalysts 84
5.5 ImprovementofCatalyticActivityontheYeastCellSurface 85
5.5.1 ImprovementofGeneCassettesforCellSurfaceDisplay 86
5.5.2 GeneDeletionofHostCells 87
5.5.3 RatioOptimizationofDisplayingEnzymes 87
5.6 Conclusions 88
References 90
6 DesignofArtificialSupramolecularProteinAssembliesbyEnzymatic
BioconjugationforBiocatalyticReactions 93
GeisaA.L.G.Budinova,YutaroMori,andNorihoKamiya
ConciseDefinitionofSubject 93
6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 ProteinAssemblyonaTemplatewithSpecificInteraction/Reaction
Sites 94
6.2.1 Non-covalentAlignmentonaTemplate 94
6.2.2 CovalentAttachmenttoaTemplate 95
6.2.2.1 EnzymesforSite-SpecificCovalentCross-linkingofProteins 95
6.2.2.2 Site-SpecificCovalentCross-linkingofEnzymesonNucleicAcid
Scaffolds 96
6.3 ProteinAssemblywithoutaTemplate:Self-AssemblyofProtein
Units 97
6.3.1 Non-covalentAssembly 97
6.3.1.1 Self-AssemblybyPeptideAssemblies 97
VIII Contents
6.3.1.2 Site-SpecificLigand–ReceptorInteractions 98
6.3.2 CovalentAssembly 98
6.3.2.1 Site-SpecificTyrosylRadicalFormationbyHorseradish
Peroxidase 98
6.4 FutureProspects 100
Acknowledgment 101
ConflictofInterest 101
References 101
7 ProductionofValuablePhenolicCompoundsfromLigninby
Biocatalysis:State-of-the-ArtPerspective 105
SomchartMaenpuen,RuchanokTinikul,PiromChenprakhon,and
PimchaiChaiyen
7.1 LigninandItsComposition 105
7.1.1 CompositionofLignin 105
7.1.2 ProcesstoConvertLigninintoAromaticMonomers 105
7.1.2.1 ExtractionofLigninfromLignocellulose 105
7.1.2.2 DeconstructionofLigninUsingPhysicochemicalProcesses 107
7.1.2.3 DeconstructionofLigninUsingBiologicalProcesses 107
7.2 PhenolDerivativesDerivedfromLigninDeconstruction 112
7.3 BiocatalysistoIncreasetheValueofLignin-DerivedPhenolic
Compounds 112
7.3.1 AdditionofanExtraMoiety 113
7.3.1.1 Esterification 113
7.3.1.2 Glycosylation 113
7.3.2 ModificationofAromaticRingSubstituent 114
7.3.2.1 Hydroxylation/Monooxygenation 115
7.3.2.2 Methylation 116
7.3.2.3 Demethylation 116
7.3.2.4 Decarboxylation/Carboxylation 117
7.4 OutlookandFuturePerspectives 118
Acknowledgments 118
References 118
PartII BiofuelsandRenewableEnergyfromBiomass 125
8 Biofuels,Bio-Power,andBio-ProductsfromSustainableBiomass:
CouplingEnergyCropsandOrganicWastewithCleanEnergy
Technologies 127
SerpilGuran,FosterA.Agblevor,andMargaretBrennan-Tonetta
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 SustainableBiomassforSustainableDevelopment 127
8.2.1 Food–Energy–Water(FEW)NexusConcept: 128
8.2.1.1 SustainableBiomass 128
8.2.1.2 DeterminingBiomassSustainability 129