Electricity transmission, distribution and storage systems

546 Pages·2013·17.073 MB·English

by  Dr. Ziad Melhem

Electricity transmission, distribution and
storage systems

© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 38
Electricity
transmission,
distribution and
storage systems
Edited by
Ziad Melhem

Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013947638

ISBN 978-1-84569-784-6 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-737-8 (online)
ISSN 2044-9364 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (print)
ISSN 2044-9372 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (online)

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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xv
Preface xxiii
Part I Fundamentals of electricity transmission
and distribution 1
1 Introduction to transmission and distribution
(T&D) networks: T&D infrastructure, reliability and
engineering, regulation and planning 3
L. Willis, Quanta Technology, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Characteristics of traditional and nontraditional power
systems 7
1.3 Customer requirements and demand 10
1.4 Principles and natural laws governing T&D system design 13
1.5 Layers or levels of the traditional T&D system 16
1.6 Modern smart distributed power distribution systems 25
1.7 Factors affecting the T&D system of the future 31
1.8 Conclusion 37
1.9 Sources of further information and advice 38
2 Transmission and distribution (T&D) network
monitoring and control 39
K. Bell and C. Booth, University of Strathclyde, UK
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Control of system frequency 40
2.3 Ensuring system stability 50
2.4 Control of voltages 56
2.5 Control of currents 60
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
vi Contents
2.6 Power system operation and coordination of control 64
2.7 Measurement, monitoring and communications 67
2.8 References 73
3 Protection of transmission and distribution (T&D)
networks 75
C. Booth and K. Bell, University of Strathclyde, UK
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Fault detection and isolation 76
3.3 Protection system requirements 79
3.4 Protection system components and philosophies 82
3.5 Overview of protection techniques 86
3.6 Typical protection schemes and further considerations 100
3.7 Standard requirements for protection of generators and
their interfaces to the utility network 102
3.8 Future trends: Impact of distributed generation (DG) and
storage on protection 103
3.9 References 106
4 Integration of distributed energy resources (DER) to
the grid 108
K. Kauhaniemi, University of Vaasa, Finland
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 DER technologies 109
4.3 Effects of DER on the grid 111
4.4 DER connection to transmission and distribution networks 116
4.5 Grid codes and standards 118
4.6 Challenges and future trends 124
4.7 Conclusion 125
4.8 Sources of further information and advice 126
4.9 References 126
Part II Advances in materials and technologies for electricity
transmission and distribution 131
5 Development of advanced materials for transmission
and distribution (T&D) networks equipment 133
J-L. Bess è de, Schneider Electric, France
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Switchgear materials: properties, types and performances 134
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
5.3 Development and impact of advanced switchgear materials 136
5.4 Challenges and future trends 139
5.5 References 141
6 High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electric power
transmission systems 143
D. Van Hertem, University of Leuven, Belgium and
M. Delimar, University of Zagreb, Croatia
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 AC or DC? 146
6.3 HVDC confi gurations 148
6.4 HVDC equipment and components 151
6.5 Operation of HVDC 164
6.6 HVDC grids 169
6.7 Future trends 170
6.8 Conclusion 171
6.9 References 171
7 Modern fl exible AC transmission system (FACTS)
devices 174
K. Wang and M. L. Crow, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, USA
7.1 Introduction 174
7.2 The voltage source converter 175
7.3 The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) 183
7.4 The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) 190
7.5 The unifi ed power fl ow controller (UPFC) 194
7.6 Hybrid fl exible AC transmission system (FACTS)
technologies 200
7.7 Conclusion 202
7.8 References 203
8 Nanodielectrics and their role in power transmission
applications 206
G. C. Stevens, GnoSys Global Ltd, UK and University of
Surrey, UK and A. S. Vaughan, University of
Southampton, UK
8.1 Introduction 206
8.2 Nanodielectric materials 208
8.3 Development of nanodielectrics 220
8.4 Impact of advanced dielectric materials 227
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
viii Contents
8.5 Challenges and future trends 230
8.6 Conclusion 232
8.7 Sources of further information and advice 232
8.8 References 233
9 Superconducting fault current limiters and power
cables 242
W. Hassenzahl, Advanced Energy Analysis, USA
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 Fault current limiters 249
9.3 Superconducting power cables 265
9.4 Conclusion 275
9.5 References 276
Part III Electricity storage technologies 279
10 Techno-economic analysis of electricity storage
systems 281
J. Oberschmidt, M. Klobasa and F. Genoese, Fraunhofer
Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Germany
10.1 Introduction 281
10.2 Economic issues and analysis 282
10.3 Environmental aspects of electricity storage 292
10.4 Challenges and future trends 305
10.5 Conclusion 306
10.6 References 306
11 Nickel-based batteries: materials and chemistry 309
P-J. Tsai and S. L. I. Chan, University of New South Wales,
Australia
11.1 Introduction 309
11.2 Nickel hydroxide electrode 313
11.3 Nickel-iron systems 327
11.4 Nickel-cadmium systems 336
11.5 Nickel-hydrogen systems 345
11.6 Nickel-zinc systems 355
11.7 Nickel-metal hydride systems 368
11.8 Conclusion 381
11.9 References 384
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
12 Redox fl ow batteries for medium- to large-scale
energy storage 398
M. Skyllas-Kazacos and C. Menictas, University of New
South Wales, Australia and T. Lim, Ngee Ann Polytechnic,
Singapore
12.1 Introduction 398
12.2 Electrochemical cells 402
12.3 Flow battery chemistries 415
12.4 Conclusion 437
12.5 References 438
13 Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
systems 442
P. Tixador, Grenoble INP/Institut N é el – G2E lab, France
13.1 Introduction 442
13.2 Current and load considerations 444
13.3 SMES systems 445
13.4 SMES limitations 449
13.5 Superconducting magnets 459
13.6 Applications of SMES 466
13.7 Conclusion 473
13.8 Acknowledgements 473
13.9 References 473
Index 479
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013