Electrical Engineering: Know It All

1126 Pages·2008·6.88 MB·English

Electrical Engineering
Newnes Know It All Series
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Electrical Engineering: Know It All
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Electrical Engineering
Clive Maxfi eld
John Bird
M. A.Laughton
W. Bolton
Andrew Leven
Ron Schmitt
Keith Sueker
Tim Williams
Mike Tooley
Luis Moura
Izzat Darwazeh
Walt Kester
Alan Bensky
DF Warne
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Contents
About the Authors .............................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Electric Circuits ................................................................1
1.1 SI Units .......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Charge .........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Force ...........................................................................................................................2
1.4 Work ............................................................................................................................3
1.5 Power ..........................................................................................................................4
1.6 Electrical Potential and e.m.f. .....................................................................................5
1.7 Resistance and Conductance .......................................................................................5
1.8 Electrical Power and Energy .......................................................................................6
1.9 Summary of Terms, Units and Their Symbols............................................................7
1.10 Standard Symbols for Electrical Components ............................................................8
1.11 Electric Current and Quantity of Electricity ...............................................................8
1.12 Potential Difference and Resistance .........................................................................10
1.13 Basic Electrical Measuring Instruments ...................................................................11
1.14 Linear and Nonlinear Devices ..................................................................................11
1.15 Ohm’s Law ................................................................................................................12
1.16 Multiples and Submultiples ......................................................................................13
1.17 Conductors and Insulators ........................................................................................16
1.18 Electrical Power and Energy .....................................................................................16
1.19 Main Effects of Electric Current ...............................................................................20
Chapter 2: Resistance and Resistivity ..............................................................................21
2.1 Resistance and Resistivity .........................................................................................21
2.2 Temperature Coeffi cient of Resistance .....................................................................25
Chapter 3: Series and Parallel Networks .........................................................................31
3.1 Series Circuits ...........................................................................................................31
3.2 Potential Divider .......................................................................................................34
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vi Contents
3.3 Parallel Networks ......................................................................................................37
3.4 Current Division ........................................................................................................43
3.5 Relative and Absolute Voltages ................................................................................48
Chapter 4: Capacitors and Inductors ...............................................................................53
4.1 Introduction to Capacitors ........................................................................................53
4.2 Electrostatic Field .....................................................................................................53
4.3 Electric Field Strength ..............................................................................................55
4.4 Capacitance ...............................................................................................................56
4.5 Capacitors .................................................................................................................56
4.6 Electric Flux Density ................................................................................................58
4.7 Permittivity ...............................................................................................................59
4.8 The Parallel Plate Capacitor......................................................................................61
4.9 Capacitors Connected in Parallel and Series ............................................................64
4.10 Dielectric Strength ....................................................................................................70
4.11 Energy Stored............................................................................................................71
4.12 Practical Types of Capacitors ....................................................................................72
4.13 Inductance .................................................................................................................76
4.14 Inductors ...................................................................................................................78
4.15 Energy Stored............................................................................................................80
Chapter 5: DC Circuit Theory ..........................................................................................81
5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................81
5.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws ......................................................................................................81
5.3 The Superposition Theorem ......................................................................................89
5.4 General DC Circuit Theory .......................................................................................95
5.5 Thévenin’s Theorem .................................................................................................99
5.6 Constant-Current Source .........................................................................................106
5.7 Norton’s Theorem ...................................................................................................107
5.8 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Networks ............................................................111
5.9 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem .......................................................................117
Chapter 6: Alternating Voltages and Currents ..............................................................123
6.1 The AC Generator ...................................................................................................123
6.2 Waveforms ..............................................................................................................124
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Contents vii
6.3 AC Values ...............................................................................................................126
6.4 The Equation of a Sinusoidal Waveform ................................................................133
6.5 Combination of Waveforms ....................................................................................139
6.6 Rectifi cation ............................................................................................................146
Chapter 7: Complex Numbers ........................................................................................149
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................149
7.2 Operations involving Cartesian Complex Numbers ...............................................152
7.3 Complex Equations .................................................................................................155
7.4 The polar Form of a Complex Number ...................................................................157
7.5 Applying Complex Numbers to Series AC Circuits ...............................................158
7.6 Applying Complex Numbers to Parallel AC Circuits .............................................171
Chapter 8: Transients and Laplace Transforms ............................................................185
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................185
8.2 Response of R-C Series Circuit to a Step Input ......................................................185
8.3 Response of R-L Series Circuit to a Step Input ......................................................192
8.4 L-R-C Series Circuit Response ...............................................................................199
8.5 Introduction to Laplace Transforms ........................................................................205
8.6 Inverse Laplace Transforms and the Solution of Differential Equations ................215
Chapter 9: Frequency Domain Circuit Analysis ...........................................................229
9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................229
9.2 Sinusoidal AC Electrical Analysis ..........................................................................229
9.3 Generalized Frequency Domain Analysis ..............................................................257
References ...............................................................................................................315
Chapter 10: Digital Electronics ......................................................................................317
10.1 Semiconductors .......................................................................................................317
10.2 Semiconductor Diodes ............................................................................................318
10.3 Bipolar Junction Transistors ...................................................................................319
10.4 Metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-effect Transistors .............................................321
10.5 The transistor as a Switch .......................................................................................322
10.6 Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors .........................................................................324
10.7 Light-emitting Diodes .............................................................................................324
10.8 BUF and NOT Functions ........................................................................................327
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viii Contents
10.9 AND, OR, and XOR Functions ............................................................................329
10.10 NAND, NOR, and XNOR Functions ....................................................................329
10.11 Not a Lot ...............................................................................................................331
10.12 Functions Versus Gates .........................................................................................332
10.13 NOT and BUF Gates .............................................................................................333
10.14 NAND and AND Gates ........................................................................................335
10.15 NOR and OR Gates ...............................................................................................336
10.16 XNOR and XOR Gates .........................................................................................337
10.17 Pass-Transistor Logic ............................................................................................339
10.18 Combining a Single Variable With Logic 0 or Logic 1 ........................................342
10.19 The Idempotent Rules ...........................................................................................342
10.20 The Complementary Rules ...................................................................................343
10.21 The Involution Rules .............................................................................................344
10.22 The Commutative Rules .......................................................................................344
10.23 The Associative Rules ...........................................................................................344
10.24 Precedence of Operators .......................................................................................345
10.25 The First Distributive Rule ...................................................................................346
10.26 The Second Distributive Rule ...............................................................................346
10.27 The Simplifi cation Rules ......................................................................................348
10.28 DeMorgan Transformations ..................................................................................349
10.29 Minterms and Maxterms .......................................................................................351
10.30 Sum-of-Products and Product-of-sums .................................................................351
10.31 Canonical Forms ...................................................................................................352
10.32 Karnaugh Maps .....................................................................................................353
10.33 Minimization Using Karnaugh Maps ...................................................................354
10.34 Grouping Minterms ...............................................................................................355
10.35 Incompletely Specifi ed Functions .........................................................................356
10.36 Populating Maps Using 0s versus 1s .....................................................................359
10.37 Scalar Versus Vector Notation ..............................................................................360
10.38 Equality Comparators ...........................................................................................361
10.39 Multiplexers ..........................................................................................................363
10.40 Decoders ...............................................................................................................364
10.41 Tri-State Functions ................................................................................................365
10.42 Combinational Versus Sequential Functions ........................................................367
10.43 RS Latches ............................................................................................................367
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Contents ix
10.44 D-Type Latches .....................................................................................................373
10.45 D-Type Flip-Flops .................................................................................................374
10.46 JK and T Flip-Flops ..............................................................................................377
10.47 Shift Registers .......................................................................................................378
10.48 Counters ................................................................................................................381
10.49 Setup and Hold Times ...........................................................................................383
10.50 Brick by Brick .......................................................................................................384
10.51 State Diagrams ......................................................................................................386
10.52 State Tables ...........................................................................................................387
10.53 State Machines ......................................................................................................388
10.54 State Assignment ..................................................................................................389
10.55 Don’t Care States, Unused States, and Latch-Up Conditions ...............................392
Chapter 11: Analog Electronics .....................................................................................395
11.1 Operational Amplifi ers Defi ned ............................................................................395
11.2 Symbols and Connections .....................................................................................395
11.3 Operational Amplifi er Parameters ........................................................................397
11.4 Operational Amplifi er Characteristics ..................................................................402
11.5 Operational Amplifi er Applications ......................................................................403
11.6 Gain and Bandwidth .............................................................................................405
11.7 Inverting Amplifi er With Feedback ......................................................................406
11.8 Operational Amplifi er Confi gurations ..................................................................408
11.9 Operational Amplifi er Circuits .............................................................................412
11.10 The Ideal Op-Amp ................................................................................................418
11.11 The Practical Op-Amp ..........................................................................................420
11.12 Comparators ..........................................................................................................450
11.13 Voltage References................................................................................................459
Chapter 12: Circuit Simulation ......................................................................................465
12.1 Types of Analysis ..................................................................................................466
12.2 Netlists and Component Models ...........................................................................476
12.3 Logic Simulation ...................................................................................................479
Chapter 13: Interfacing ..................................................................................................481
13.1 Mixing Analog and Digital ...................................................................................481
13.2 Generating Digital Levels From Analog Inputs ....................................................484
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