Table Of ContentEducation and Caste in India
Seven decades since Indian Independence, education takes the centre stage
in every major discussion on development, especially when we talk about
social exclusion, Dalits and reservations today. This book examines social
inclusion in the education sector in India for Scheduled Castes (SCs).
The volume:
• Foregrounds the historical struggles of the SCs to understand why the quest
for education is so central to shaping SC consciousness and aspirations;
• Works with exhaustive state-level studies with a view to assessing
commonalities and differences in the educational status of SCs today;
• Takes stock of the policymaking and extent of implementations across
Indian states to understand the challenges faced in different scenarios;
• Seeks to analyse the differential in existing economic conditions, and other
structural constraints, in relation to access to quality educational facilities;
• Examines the social perceptions and experiences of SC students as they
live now.
A major study, the volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers
of education, sociology and social anthropology, development studies and
South Asian studies.
Ghanshyam Shah is former Professor in Social Sciences at the Centre of Social
Medicine and Community Health, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi, India. He has also been a national fellow at
ICSSR, Delhi, and at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, India.
Kanak Kanti Bagchi is Professor at the Department of Economics, University
of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India.
Vishwanatha Kalaiah is Professor and Chairman at the Department of
Economics and Director, Centre for Study for Social Exclusion and Inclusive
Policy Mangalore University, Mangalore, India.
Education and Caste in India
The Dalit Question
Edited by Ghanshyam Shah,
Kanak Kanti Bagchi and
Vishwanatha Kalaiah
First published 2020
by Routledge
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© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Ghanshyam Shah, Kanak Kanti
Bagchi and Vishwanatha Kalaiah; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Ghanshyam Shah, Kanak Kanti Bagchi and Vishwanatha
Kalaiah to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and
of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ISBN: 978-0-367-20254-5(hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-31701-9(ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
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Contents
List of fgures vii
List of tables viii
Contributors xiii
Preface and acknowledgement xv
Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction: education and the Scheduled Castes 1
GHANSHYAM SHAH
2 Education among Scheduled Castes in India: a review
of literature 23
BHARAT CHANDRA ROUT
3 Aspirations and achievements of Scheduled Caste
students in Kerala 41
S. IRUDAYA RAJAN AND S. SUNITHA
4 Land ownership and the levels of educational attainment
in Haryana 63
K.V. CHAMAR, S.K. CHAMAR AND N.K. CHAMAR
PART I
High schools 77
5 Access, discrimination and educational attainments
of Scheduled Caste children in Karnataka 79
VISHWANATHA KALAIAH
vi Contents
6 Educational attainments of Scheduled Caste children
in Goa state 99
VISHWANATHA KALAIAH, V. RAMAKRISHNAPPA AND K.P.
SIDDALINGSWAMY
7 Scheduled Caste children and secondary schooling:
sociological study of Andhra Pradesh 116
NAGARAJU GUNDEMEDA AND CH. KRISHNARAO
8 Secondary education in Odisha: some challenges 127
RAMESH C. MALIK AND BASANTA K. MALLIK
PART II
Higher education 145
9 Higher education and the Scheduled Castes in
Maharashtra 147
GOVARDHAN WANKHEDE
10 Higher education of Scheduled Caste students in
West Bengal: a study on access, attainments and
challenges 165
KANAK KANTI BAGCHI
11 Scheduled Castes in higher education in Gujarat 189
NARESH M. CHAUHAN
12 Educational status of Scheduled Caste women
in Delhi 205
D. PARIMALA AND ANJALI DASH
Appendix I: ICSSR sponsored study on ‘educational
status of Scheduled Castes: attainments and
challenges’ 2012–14 222
Index 225
Figures
3.1 Literacy Level of SCs and General Population by Sex,
Kerala 44
5.1 Gross Enrolment Ratio of SCs in Higher Education
(18–23 years) 85
11.1 Social Category–Wise % Students’ Survival from 6th
Standard to 12th Standard 195
11.2 Percentage of Students’ Decline (% from the Same Category) 195
11.3 Percentage of Students Who Faced Diffculties in
Getting Admission 196
11.4 Academic Performances of the Students by Caste
(Division System) 198
12.1 Distribution of SC and Non-SC HHs by Management
of Their Children’s School 209
Tables
3.1 Samples Taken for the SC Educational Survey, 2013 46
3.2 Standard of Living of the Students According to Social
Strata and Level of Education in Kerala, 2013 (%) 50
3.3 Educational Aspirations of Students According to Their
Standard of Living (%) 51
3.4 Occupational Aspiration of Students According to Their
Standard of Living (%) 51
3.5 Bivariate Correlations 53
3.6 Model Fitting Information for Performance of Students 55
3.7 Likelihood Ratio Tests for Performance of Students 55
3.8 Parameter Estimates for Performance of Students 56
3.9 Model Fitting Information for Educational Aspirations of
the Students 58
3.10 Likelihood Ratio Tests for Educational Aspirations
of Students 58
3.11 Parameter Estimates for Educational Aspirations
of Students 58
3.12 Model Fitting Information for Occupational Aspirations
of Students 59
3.13 Likelihood Ratio Tests for Occupational Aspirations
of Students 59
3.14 Parameter Estimates for Occupational Aspirations
of Students 60
4.1 Haryana: Sample Households 64
4.2 Haryana: Levels of Educational Attainment among
Social Groups (%) 66
4.3 Caste-Wise Levels of Educational Attainment among
General Population (%) 67
4.4 Levels of Educational Attainment among Other Backward
Castes Population (%) 68
4.5 Haryana: Levels of Educational Attainment among
Scheduled Castes Population (%) 68
Tables ix
4.6 Haryana: Caste-Wise Levels of Educational Attainment
and Weighted Score among General Population 70
4.7 Haryana: Caste-Wise Levels of Educational Attainment
and Weighted Score among Other Backward Castes
Population 71
4.8 Haryana: Caste-Wise Levels of Educational Attainment
and Weighted Score among Scheduled Castes Population 72
4.9 Difference in Levels of Educational Attainment among
Social Groups in Haryana (%) 73
4.10 Differentials among Scheduled Castes and Non-Scheduled
Castes in Haryana 73
4.11 Total Score and Rank of Educational Attainment among
Social Groups 74
5.1 Literacy Rate among SCs across Rural and Urban Areas
in Karnataka (%) 81
5.2 Details of Number of Schools by Management 82
5.3 Enrolment of Students in Schools across Category
during 2012–13 83
5.4 Dropout Rates among SCs in Karnataka at Primary
Education Level 84
5.5 Travel Distance of Elementary Schools from Children’s
Residence (%) 86
5.6 Mode of Transport Used by Children to Reach School (%) 87
5.7 Distance from Residence to Different Types of Schools (%) 89
5.8 Mode of Transport to Reach School (%) 90
5.9 SC Students’ Sub-Castes and Types of Schools (%) 91
5.10 Educational Status of the Family Head of the School
Students (%) 93
5.11 Occupation of the Head of HHs of Students (%) 95
5.12 Income Level of the Sample Students’ Family Head
(per Month) (%) 96
6.1 District-Wise Distribution of SC/ST Population in
Goa – 2011 100
6.2 District-Wise Literacy Rates in Goa (2001–2011) 101
6.3 Number of Schools by Level and Management,
2013–2014 101
6.4 Distribution of Schools by Rural/Urban (%) 103
6.5 Distribution of Schools by Medium of Instruction (Nos.) 103
6.6 Enrolment of SC Students in Schools during 2013–14 104
6.7 Distance from Residence and Mode of Transport Used
to Reach School across Gender (%) 107
6.8 Mode of Transport Children Use to Reach School (%) 108
6.9 Distance from Residence to Different Types of Schools (%) 109
6.10 Mode of Transport to Reach School (%) 109
