Edg AAH 106

2019·244.1 MB·English

NEW
UNCOVER THE
CONFLICTS THAT
HAVE RAGED
OVER RELIGION
AND HERESIES
FROM THE
MAKERS OF

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ST TIO RECONQUISTA THE CRUSADES EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR
RDI
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WELCOME TO
WELCOME TO
AAAANNNDDDDD
As the Crusaders headed into battle, there was no doubt in
their minds as to why they were marching into war – it was
to show the glory of God. This wasn’t the first time conflict
had raged in the name of religion, and it was by no means
the last. Ever since antiquity, deities and beliefs have
caused some contention. Pagans and Christians were at
loggerheads in Ancient Rome, while the Reformation saw
new heresies sweep across Europe and tear nations in two.
In All About History Heretics and Holy Wars, meet the
reformers who changed the face of religion and go to the
frontlines of the battles that were won for gods and ideals.
Uncover the truth behind the Spanish Inquisition, and find
out why the Qatif Conflict was restarted after nearly 30
years of peace. Explore the famous Crusades, and finally
get up to date with the holy wars that are still raging
around the world today.

AAANNNNDDD
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Part of the
bookazine series
5
CONTENTS
EARLY
HERETICS
10 The Kitos War
14 A Faith Divided:
Hersesy in the Roman
and Byzantine Empires
20 Waging War
32 The Spanish
Reconquista
36 Crusader Kings
46 France’s Heretic War
52 The Spanish 14
Inquisition
60 Judaism and Holy War
32
46 60
80 76
6
124
66
THE
REFORMATION
66 The Protestant
Reformation
68 The Hussite Wars
74 T he German
Peasants’ War
76 The Reformation
Resolved
80 The French Wars
of Religion
86 The Determined
Dutch
92 Blood & Coin
86
96 Islam at War:
Ottomans
versus Persians
100 Islamic Heretics
and Heresies
96
104 Ever Westward
MODERN
HOLY WARS
110 The Forever War
116 T he Ottoman Empire
in World War I
120 The Qatif Uprising
of 1979
120
124 Modern Wars
of Religion
7
EARLY
HERETICS
10
A FAITH DIVIDED: HERESY
14
THE KITOS IN THE ROMAN AND
WAR
BYZANTINE EMPIRES
32 THE SPANISH
RECONQUISTA
20
WAGING
WAR
8
36
CRUSADER
KINGS
46
FRANCE’S
HERETIC
WAR
60
JUDAISM
AND HOLY
WAR
52 THE SPANISH
INQUISITION
9
Early Heretics
THE
KITOS WAR
After decades of oppression and strife, Jews rose up across the
Roman Empire, leaving blood and destruction in their wake
Words by Hareth Al Bustani
W
hen Pompey the Great seized These incidents further radicalised a growing group
Jerusalem in 63 BCE, he restored of Zealots, who were committed to preserving their
King Hyrcanus II with limited religious autonomy at all costs. The most hardcore
powers and celebrated his victory had become known as the Sicarii, or ‘Dagger Men’,
in outlandish style by entering the and they trawled Jerusalem, assassinating anyone
Holy of Holies – the inner sanctum of the Temple friendly to Rome and spreading terror in their
that only the Jewish high priest was allowed to wake. Meanwhile, self-styled prophets, mystics
enter. It was a fitting symbol of Rome’s forthcoming and messiahs all spoke to a simmering desire for
relationship with its growing Jewish populace. Having independence, working to stoke a growing fire of
repelled a Parthian invasion of Palestine, the Romans rebellion beneath the uncomfortable populace.
later installed the puppet king Herod in 37 BCE. In 66 CE, the procurator of Jerusalem raided the
After Herod’s death in 4 BCE, Judea was divided Temple treasury, leading to the explosive First Jewish-
among his three sons, before Augustus established Roman War, which culminated in a bloody siege of
it as an official Roman province in 6 CE. Power was Jerusalem. In Caesarea, 20,000 Jews were massacred
increasingly siphoned by the empire, until, by the by a Hellenic Syrian mob in one hour. Meanwhile, in
time of Herod Agrippa II, the ‘king’ was little more Alexandria, after a large number of Jews were killed,
than a figurehead ruling scattered pockets of territory. some even burned alive, a riot broke out. The Roman
Instead, authority was administered by procurators governor responded by sending 5,000 troops into the
responsible for levying taxes – positions they Jewish Quarter who went on to murder up to 50,000
exploited for great personal gain. The Jewish court men, women and children, pillage and burn houses.
system was presided over by the Sanhedrin divided In the aftermath, Jerusalem’s Second Temple was
among two major groups: the Sadducees – wealthy razed to the ground, Jewish women and children
elites, temple priests, courtiers and great landowners – were hauled off into slavery and men were thrown
and the Pharisees, a group of reformers, who enjoyed to gladiators and beasts at the circus. After being
increasingly radical support among the masses. defeated, one of the revolt’s leaders, Simon, was
However, Rome had taken over the selection of dragged from the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline
high priests, leaving the Jewish religious hierarchy across to the forum before being scoured by barbed
dominated by Roman lackeys. Living in perpetual whips and finally subjected to slow strangulation. An
strife, when Caligula demanded a statue be erected example had been set.
of himself at every temple in the empire, the Jews Having broken the first Jewish revolt, the Romans
refused, and a massacre was only averted by his sought to break the Jewish spirit. This time, the
murder. On a smaller scale, Roman soldiers bared great Temple could not be rebuilt, and both the high
themselves at the Second Temple – built on the site of priesthood and Sanhedrin were abolished. Adding
Solomon’s Temple – and burned a copy of the Torah. insult to injury, while women, children and the
10