Ecological imperialism in the south-central Andes: faunal data from Spanish colonial settlements in the Moquegua and Torata Valleys

414 Pages·1993·12 MB·English

by  Defrance, Susan Daggett

ECOLOGICALIMPERIALISM INTHESOUTH-CENTRALANDES:
FAUNAEDATAFROM SPANISHCOLONIALSETTLEMENTS INTHEMOQUEGUA
ANDTORATAVALLEYS
By
SUSANDAGGETTDEFRANCE
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTS FORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
1993
UNIVERSiry OF FLORIDA immiEs
Copyright 1993
by
SusanDaggettdeFrance
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A numberoffundingagenciesandindividualsmade thisresearchpossible. The
survey, testing, andfieldwork wereconducted undergrants awardedtoDr. Prudence M.
RicebytheNationalEndowmentfortheHumanitiesandthe NationalGeographic Society.
Additionalresearch wasmadepossibleby aNational ScienceFoundation Dissenation
ImprovementGrant (No. BNS-9020973) anda SigmaXiGrant-In-AidofResearch.
Fundingprovided by the UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofAnthropology, includeda
Charles H. Fairbanks scholarshipand several teaching assistantships. The Florida
MuseumofNatural History,AnthropologyDepanment, providedresearch assistantships,
employment,andlab spaceforalargeportionoftheanalysis.
Thefieldportionoftheprojectwasgreadyfacilitated byseveralorganizationsin
Peru. TheMuseoPeruanodeCienciasdelaSaludin conjunction with the Instituto
NacionaldeCultura(INC) authorized and grantedpermission fortheexcavations
conducted bythe MoqueguaBodegasProject within ProgramaContisuyu. Permission for
the shipmentofthe faunalcollectionstothe UniversityofFloridawas grantedby the INC.
OmarBenitesDelgadoofthe Moqueguabranchofthe INC, SoniaGuillen oftheLima
branchofthe INC,andLuchoWatanabeassisted with obtaining permission fortheexport
ofaponionofthe faunalcollectionsforfurtherstudy. The Southern Peru Copper
Corporation provided housing, vehicles, and various infrastructural support forthe project,
aswell ashospitality. German Moron wasparticularlyhelpful in negotiatingcargo
transportofaportionofthe faunal material.
Academic advisementforthisprojectandmydoctoralresearch in general has
benefittedfrominteractions with my supervisor)'committee members. Mychair.Dr.
Elizabeth S. Wing, has selflessly shared with me herwisdom, motivation, support, and
friendshipas I pursued thisdegree. Zooarchaeologicalresearch, and thisproject
specifically, have benefittedfrom the scholarshipprovided byLizWing. Thisproject
couldnothavebeencompleted v^ithout theacademicresourcesDr. Wing has built with the
EnvironmentalArchaeologyLaboraton,'.
Dr. Prudence M. Rice servedasdirectoroftheMoqueguaBodegas Project and
committeemember. Dr. Rice welcomed metothebodegasprojectand subsequently
providedsupportfortwo seasonsoffieldworkin Moquegua. Despite the factthat 1
exhibitedan inabilitytodistinguish moderndogs frompigs and sheepfrom goatsduring
ourfieldwork, Dr. Rice'sfaith in my zooarchaeological talentspersisted. Pru has
commentedon variousreseitrch proposals, provided awealth ofdataon the project, and
graciouslyreturned toGainesville formydefense.
Myinitial interestin theAndean region resulted from conversations with Dr.
Michael E. Moseleyconcerningthe maritimeculturesofthecoastalregion. While I
eventually pursuedahistoricaldissenation topic,my understandingofthe Central Andean
region has resulted largely fromclasses anddi.scussions with Mike Moseley. Asdirector
ofthe ProgramaContisuyu, Mike alsoestablishedand helped maintain theongoing
archaeologicalresearchin thearea.
Myothercommittee membersassisted thisproject. Dr. Kathleen Deagan'sresearch
andthatofherstudentson theiirchaeologyofSpanishcolonial settlement have provided
the baselinedataand established standardsforhistorical archaeology. Hercriticismsand
commentsreflect herdiverse knowledge. Dr. Ron Wolff, DepanmentofZoology, served
on mycommittee and provided insigthfuleditorial commentson mydissertation.
OtherUniversityofFloridafacultyand affiliatesatotherinstitutionshavealso
contributed tothisresearch. Dr. Betsy Reitz, University ofGeorgia, read adraft versionof
mydis.sertation and providedexceptionalcomments and criticisms. Betsy's research,
which isofthe highestcaliber, has been agenuine inspiranon. I hopemy
zooarchaeological endeavors approach herhigh degreeof.scholarship. Dr. Bill Marquardt,
hasbeen asourceofscholasticinsights,occasional employment, and friendship. Dr. Jane
Wheelerhasprovided newinsightson camelid domesticationandrecentresultsofher
analysesofcamelidbreeds basedon DNA reconsffuctions. Jane is alsoconductingaDNA
analysisofa sampleofcamelidbonesfrom theLocumbillabodegaandTorataAita. Dr.
KentRedfordcommentedon earlyversionsofmyresearch proposal.
Several individualsinvolved in thefieldwork.provided information, friendship,or
both. Greg Smith, whosupervised the bodegaexcavations, providedinvaluablecontextual
information,mostimponantofwhich wasthe temporalplacementofthecontexts. Mary
Van Burenprovidedsimilardataforthe siteofTorataAha. Greg and Mar\'. along with
PeterBurgi. Sara Van Beck,John Jones, and Larry Kuznar, contributed toproductive and
memorablefieldseasonsin Moquegua. Themyriad undertakings performed byGloria
SalinasdePonugual duringvarious field seasons,particulariy 1991, are appreciated. The
ValcarcelfamilyisalsogreatlyappreciatedfortheirhospitalityasareAntonioBiondiand
the Moqueguamen'ssoccerteam.
AttheFloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory several individualsin the environmental
archaeology labcontributedtothecompletionofthe projectwitheithertheirexpeniseor
theirsuppon. Particulariy helpful have been SylviaScudder. Laura Kozuch. MarcFrank,
IrvQuitmyer, Lee Newsom, andTim Young. IrvQuitmyerand Diana Mathiessen also
deserve thanksfortheirassistance in computermatters. ArieneAlbertofthe PoundHuman
IdentificationLab madean X-rayofapathological dogelementfromoneofthe sites. A
varietyofothermuseumpersonnel assisted with identificationsofproblematic fauna!
elementsorprovidedaccesstotheircollections. They include KunAuffenburg. Bob
Chandler, Gar>' Morgan, TomWebber, and Laurie Wilkins.
Aportion ofthedrafting wasdone by skilled cartographerJan Coyne, Department
ofGeography, UniversityofFlorida. Illustrationsofboneelements weredrawn by Sue
EllenHunter. WendyThorton and Ken Booth completed the final formattingofthis
dissertation.
Myeducationandcompletionofthisprojecthave benefittedtremendously frommy
interactions withotherstudentsandcolleaguesattheFloridaMuseumand those in the
DepanmentofAnthropology. MostnotableareAnn Cordell, TheadeWitt,Donna Ruhl,
andKarenJoWalker.
Thecompletionofthisdegree andpreparationofthismanuscnpt, in particular, would
nothave been possible withoutthe loveand supponofmy family. Jeanne Marie, Michael,
andTimhavecontinued toprovide supponthrough thecompletion ofthisdegree. My
parents. LauretteLewisdeFrance andWilliamJ. deFrance,provided the love,
encouragement,andeducation thatallowed me toachieve thisdegree. 1 dedicate this work
tothem.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
LISTOFTABLES
ix
LISTOFHCURES
xviii
ABSTRACT xx
CHAPTERS
INTRODUCTION
1 1
2 IBERIANANDANDEANWORLDS: PHYSICALANDCULTURAL
SETTINGS
11
Introduction 11
Iberian Cultural Background 12
SpaniardsintheNewWorld: ZooarchaeologicalEvidence 21
TheAndeanPhysicalWorld 25
PrehispanicCultural SettingoftheSouth-CentralAndes 44
Spanish Colonial Settlement of Peru 51
Spanish Colonial IndustryandLifewaysintheMoqueguaand
TorataValleys 62
Summary 71
3 MATERIALSANDMETHODS 72
Archaeological Contexts 72
ZooarchaeologicalMethods 85
4 RESULTSOFFAUNAEANALYSIS 96
DescriptionsofSiteSamples 96
CharacteristicsoftheFaunalAssemblage 131
5 SPANISH COLONIALANIMALUSEINTHE SOUTH-CENTRAL
ANDES
183
Introduction 183
EcologicalComplementarityandtheSpanishColonialFaunalRecord 183
EvidenceforEnvironmental Stress 189
TheEconomicand SubsistenceUsesofAnimalsatTorataAltaand the
Moquegua Wineries 191
Comparisonswiththe Iberian Model 201
SpanishColonialAnimal HusbandryOutsideoftheAndes 202
6 CONCLUSIONS 204
SummaryofResearch 204
Suggestions for Future Research 209
APPENDICES
A ANALYZED CONTEXTS
213
B IDENTIFIEDFAUNAFROMTHEMOQUEGUA,BODEGAS,AND
TORATA ALTA
228
C JUVENILE AND AGED SPECIMENS 347
D BONE MEASUREMENTS
351
REFERENCES 374
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 389
LISTOFTABLES
Table
2-1 FirstObservationsofOld World Species in Peru 40
3-1 Excavation UnitswithAnalyzedFaunal Material,LocumbillaWinery
(NumbersCorrespond to Shaded Unitson Figure 3-2) 77
3-2 ExcavationUnitswithAnalyzedFaunalMaterial, ChinchaWiner>'
(NumbersCorrespond to Shaded Unitson Figure 3-3) ". 80
3-3 Values UsedtoDetermineSampleSize ReliabilityBased on Pointof
Diminishing Returns 89
3-4 Allometric Valuesand FormulaUsedinThisStudy 91
4-1 Comparative FrequenciesofFaunal Assemblages by SiteandTimePeriod 97
4-2 Taxa Identified atthe Moqueeua BodeszasandTorataAlta (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) \ ^. 99
4-3 Taxa Identified atthe MoqueguaBodegasandTorataAlta, (1.70mm,
1/16" mesh) 101
4-4 Faunal Material fromLocumbilla Bodega, Late Contexts(6.35mm,
1/4" mesh) 102
4-5 Faunal Material fromLocumbilla Bodega, Middle Contexts (6.35 mm.
1/4" mesh) T. 104
4-6 Faunal Material from Locumbilla Bodesza.Eariv Contexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) T ; 106
4-7 Relative AbundanceofTaxa byClass forLocumbilla Bodega 108
4-8 Faunal Material from Chincha Bodega,LateContexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" me-sh) 110
4-9 Faunal Material from Chincha Bodega, Middle Contexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) 112
4-10 Faunal Material from Chincha Bodega, EarivContexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) .' 114
4-11 Relative Abundance of Taxa bv Class for Chincha Bodesa 115
11
4-12 Faunal Material fromYahuay Bodega,LateContexts (6.35mm,
1/4" mesh) 117
4-13 Faunal Materialfrom Yahuay Bodega, Middle Contexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh \ 118
4-14 RelanveAbundanceofTaxabyClassforYahuay Bodega 120
4-15 Faunal MaterialfromEstopacaje Bodega,LateContexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) ' 7 121
4-16 Faunal MaterialfromEstopacajeBodega,Middle Contexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) 122
4-17 RelativeAbundanceofTaxabyClassforEstopacaje Bodega 123
4-18 Faunal Material fromTorataAha, Post-1600Contexts (6.35 mm.
1/4" mesh) 124
4-19 Faunal Material from TorataAlta, 1600AshContexts (6.35 mm,
1/4" mesh) 126
4-20 FaunalMaterial fromTorataAlta,Pre-1600Contexts (6.35 mm.
1/4" mesh) 127
4-2 Relative.AbundanceofTaxa by ClassforTorataAlta 130
4-22 AgeGroupsofTaxa Represented at Locumbilla 135
4-23 Age Groups of Taxa Represented at Chincha 136
4-24 AgeGroupsofTaxaRepresentedat Yahuay 137
4-25 AgeGroupsofTaxa Represented atEstopacaje 138
4-26 AgeGroupsofTaxaRepresented atTorataAlta 139
4-27 Bone Pathologiesfrom BodegaContexts andTorataAlta 140
4-28 OccurrenceofMedullar\' Bone in Chicken {Galliis i^allus) Remains 144
4-29 Bone Measurementsfrom Various Taxa 146
4-30 AveragesofLamaspp. Bone Measurements 148
4-3 AveragesofCamelidae Bone Measurements 150
4-32 Measurement Data for Modern Camelids 152
4-33 ComparisonsofModern Camelid Measurements with the Winen.- and
Torata Alta Samples ' 155
4-34 AveragesofBostaurus Bone Measurements 157