Table Of ContentConference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Shamim Pakzad Editor
Dynamics of
Civil Structures,
Volume 2
Proceedings of the 38th IMAC, A Conference
and Exposition on Structural Dynamics 2020
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics
Series
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SocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.,
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TheConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeriespresentsearlyfindingsandcasestudiesfrom
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SeriesvolumesfollowtheprincipletracksorfocustopicsfeaturedineachoftheSociety’stwoannualconferences:IMAC,
AConferenceandExpositiononStructuralDynamics,andtheSociety’sAnnualConference&Expositionandwilladdress
criticalareasofinteresttoresearchersanddesignengineersworkinginallareasofStructuralDynamics,SolidMechanics
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8922
Shamim Pakzad
Editor
Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2
Proceedings of the 38th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition
on Structural Dynamics 2020
Editor
ShamimPakzad
DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering
LehighUniversity
Bethlehem,PA,USA
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652 (electronic)
ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries
ISBN978-3-030-47633-5 ISBN978-3-030-47634-2 (eBook)
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Preface
DynamicsofCivilStructuresrepresentsoneofeightvolumesoftechnicalpaperspresentedatthe38thIMAC,AConference
andExpositiononStructuralDynamics,organizedbytheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,andheldinHouston,Texas,
February10–13,2020.ThefullproceedingsalsoincludevolumesonNonlinearStructuresandSystems;ModelValidation
andUncertaintyQuantification;DynamicSubstructures;SpecialTopicsinStructuralDynamics&ExperimentalTechniques;
RotatingMachinery,OpticalMethods&ScanningLDVMethods;SensorsandInstrumentation,Aircraft/Aerospace,Energy
Harvesting&DynamicEnvironmentsTesting;andTopicsinModalAnalysis&Testing.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromanalytical,experimental,andcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportant
areawithinStructuralDynamics.DynamicsofCivilStructuresisoneoftheseareaswhichcovertopicsofinterestofseveral
disciplinesinengineeringandscience.
The Dynamics of Civil Structures Technical Division serves as a primary focal point within the SEM umbrella for
technicalactivitiesdevotedtocivilstructuresanalysis,testing,monitoring,andassessment.Thisvolumecoversavarietyof
topicsincludingstructuralvibrations,damageidentification,human-structureinteraction,vibrationcontrol,modelupdating,
modalanalysisofin-servicestructures,innovativemeasurementtechniquesandmobilesensing,andbridgedynamicsamong
manyothertopics.
Papers cover testing and analysis of different kinds of civil engineering structures such as buildings, bridges, stadiums,
dams,andothers.
Theorganizerswouldliketothanktheauthors,presenters,sessionorganizers,andsessionchairsfortheirparticipationin
thistrack.
Bethlehem,PA,USA ShamimPakzad
v
Contents
1 Graphene-RubberLayeredFunctionalCompositesforSeismicIsolation........................................ 1
MariaRosariaMarsicoandJuliánMauricioLondoñoMonsalve
2 WhatRollercoastersCanTeachUsAboutFatigueLifeofBridgeConnections.................................. 5
SofiaPuertoTchemodanovaandMasoudSanayei
3 UsingResonanceDecayResponsestoModeltheNonlinearBehaviourofTelecomMonopolesVia
BackboneCurves........................................................................................................ 15
JoseA.JimenezCapillaandJulianM.LondonoMonsalve
4 TrenchWarfare!TheBattleAgainstGround-borneVibration .................................................... 21
MichaelJ.WesolowskyandMelissaW.Y.Wong
5 Vibration-BasedDamageDetectionUsingInput-OutputandOutput-OnlyEnvironmental
Models:AComparison ................................................................................................. 29
PernilleLysgaard,SandroD.R.Amador,SiljaTeaNielsen,EvangelosKatsanos,andRuneBrincker
6 TechniquesforSimulatingFrozenBearingDamageinBridgeStructuresforthePurposeofDrive-by
HealthMonitoring....................................................................................................... 39
RobertLocke,LauraRedmond,andSezAtamturktur
7 TheMinimumDetectableDamageasanOptimizationCriterionforPerformance-Based
SensorPlacement........................................................................................................ 53
AlexanderMendler,MichaelDöhler,CarlosE.Ventura,andLaurentMevel
8 VibrationsAssessmentofExistingBuildingFoundationsDuetoMovingTrainsinUnderground
Tunnels.................................................................................................................... 65
OnurAvci,AshishBhargava,NikolaosNikitas,andDanielJ.Inman
9 Ambient Vibration Tests and Modal Response Analysis of Guayaquil Metropolitan Cathedral
inGuayaquil,Ecuador.................................................................................................. 75
M.Motamedi,C. E.Ventura,O.Lara,andJ. H.Barredo
10 An Overview on Floor Vibration Serviceability Evaluation Methods with a Large Database
ofRecordedFloorData................................................................................................. 91
MohammadRoyvaran,OnurAvci,andBradDavis
11 ComparativeStudyofFloorServiceabilityMethodologies......................................................... 103
C.Chen,P.Duffour,andA.Margnelli
12 ExperimentalModalAnalysisofDoubleTeeFloorsinaFireDamagedParkingDeckforPost-Fire
Vibration-BasedConditionAssessment............................................................................... 113
MatthewWhelan,NicoleBraxtan,GlendaMayo,andBrettTempest
13 OccupantLocalizationinObstructiveIndoorEnvironmentsUsingFootstep-InducedFloorVibrations..... 121
MostafaMirshekari,JonathonFagert,ShijiaPan,PeiZhang,andHaeYoungNoh
vii
viii Contents
14 Time-Frequency Analysis of Crowd Lateral Dynamic Forcing from Full-Scale Measurements
ontheCliftonSuspensionBridge...................................................................................... 125
R.E.White,N.A.Alexander,andJ.H.G.Macdonald
15 ValidationofDeflectionMonitoringforAncillaryTrafficStructuresviaWirelessAccelerometers ........... 135
DelaneyC.Thompson,RodrigoSarlo,andMatthewH.Hebdon
16 LocalizationofStationarySourceofFloorVibrationUsingSteeredResponsePowerMethod ................ 141
MohammadRoyvaran,KevinD.Donohue,andBradDavis
17 PredictionsofFootbridgeVibrationsandInfluencingLoadModelDecisions.................................... 151
LarsPedersenandChristianFrier
18 ADamageDetectionStrategyonBridgeExternalTendonsThroughLong-TimeMonitoring................. 159
AlfredoCigada,FrancescantonioLucà,MarziaMalavisi,andGiuseppeMancini
19 StructuralHealthMonitoringofaDamagedOperatingBridge:ASupervisedLearningCaseStudy ........ 169
A.Cigada,F.Lucà,M.Malavisi,andG.Mancini
20 ComparisonofTime-DomainandTime-Frequency-DomainSystemIdentificationMethodsonTall
BuildingDatawithNoise ............................................................................................... 179
RonwaldoE.R.Aquino,MohamedBarbosh,andAyanSadhu
21 FatigueLifeAnalysisofMainShaftBearingsinWindTurbinesUsingStrainMeasurementsCollected
onBlades ................................................................................................................. 185
BridgetMoynihan,SauroLiberatore,BabakMoaveni,andUsmanKhan
22 TowardstheDetectionandLocalizationofMultipleOccupantFootstepsfromVibroacoustic
Measurements............................................................................................................ 193
Sa’edAlajlouni,MuratAmbarkutuk,andPabloTarazaga
23 AnAugmentedRisk-BasedParadigmforStructuralHealthMonitoring......................................... 201
AidanJ.Hughes,RobertJ.Barthorpe,CharlesR.Farrar,andKeithWorden
24 Running Safety Analysis Considering Track Irregularities on an Open-deck Steel Plate Girder
BridgeUsingFiniteElementMultibodyDynamics.................................................................. 213
SanghyunChoi,SoohoChae,KyounghoKim,andIn-ChulBack
25 InfluenceofState-SwitchingRotationalInertiaDampersontheNaturalFrequenciesandResponse
ofStructures.............................................................................................................. 217
AbdollahJavidialesaadiandNicholasWierschem
26 TowardsPopulation-BasedStructuralHealthMonitoring,PartVI:StructuresasGeometry ................. 221
KeithWorden
27 ComparisonofModalParametersofaConcreteSlabFloorfromEMAandOMA............................. 237
EllisKessler,VijayaV.N.SriramMalladi,RodrigoSarlo,LukeA.Martin,andPabloA.Tarazaga
28 ModelingHumanJumpingForceonaFlexibleStructureUsingControlModels ............................... 241
AhmedT.AlzubaidiandJuanM.Caicedo
29 ControlofTraffic-InducedGroundVibrationsinaResidentialStructure ....................................... 251
BradPridham,TomNormile,ChristianKronenwetter,PaulReynolds,andEmmaHudson
Chapter 1
Graphene-Rubber Layered Functional Composites for Seismic
Isolation
MariaRosariaMarsicoandJuliánMauricioLondoñoMonsalve
Abstract Elastomeric isolators are special devices used for seismic isolation of structures. Typically, they are made of
alternate layers of steeland rubber and they positioned between the structure and itsfoundations todecouple them. Novel
Graphene-Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators, GREI, are proposed in this study to overcome the heavy weight and long
manufacturingprocessofelastomericisolatorscurrentlyused.
This manuscript presents an experimental dynamic analysis on rubber pads reinforced with a few layer graphene.
Experimental modal analysis is performed on a mass-spring-damper system and the dynamics of the system and the
mechanicalpropertiesessentialtocharacterizethespecimensareextractedfromthemeasuredfrequencyresponsefunction.
Resultsshowthatafewlayergraphenetransferredonarubberpadincreasestiffnessanddampingofthegraphene-rubber
composite; hence natural rubber can be used in lieu of high-damped rubber, saving the cost of reinforcing rubber with
particulatefillers.Alsoresultsshowthatthemechanicalpropertiesofthegraphene-rubbercompositealterwhenvaryingthe
thicknessofafewlayergraphenetransferredonrubberpads.
Keywords Elastomericisolators · Frequencyresponsefunction · Graphene-rubbercomposite · Modalanalysis
1.1 Introduction
TheconceptofinterposingElastomericisolators(EIs)betweenastructureanditsfoundationstodecouplethemisknownas
baseisolation;itisacceptedbyallmajorinternationalseismiccodesandenablesstructurestosurvivepotentiallydevastating
seismic events. Current technologies for base isolation use steel-reinforced elastomeric isolators (SREI) which are made
of alternate layers of steel and rubber and are used mainly in strategic and public buildings due to high cost of designing,
production and installation. The primary weight in a SREI is due to the reinforcing steel plates which are used to provide
the rubber-steel composite with high vertical stiffness, and to the end steel plates at the bottom and top which are used to
securethedevicetothestructureandthefoundations.Studieshavebeenconductedtoinvestigatethedynamicbehaviourof
isolators reinforced with fibre sheets e.g. glass or carbon fibres (Fibre-Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators, FREI), which are
lighterthansteelshims,andwithoutendsteelplates[1–4].However,aspectssuchasthedesign,alignmentandbehaviourof
thefibres,thedependenceofFREItopreloadinghistorywouldrequirefurtherinvestigation.
Anattractivealternativetousingfibrestoreinforcerubberisgraphene.Graphene,aone-atomthicklayerofcarbon,isthe
strongestknownmaterial,whichisalsomechanicallyflexible.Theideabehindthisresearchistoreinforcepurerubberwith
afew-layergrapheneandtocreateGraphene-ReinforcedElastomericIsolator(GREI).Thedynamicresponseofsquareand
circulargraphene-rubberspecimenswithappliedverticalloadisinvestigatedandexperimentalresultsarediscussed.
M.R.Marsico((cid:2))·J.M.LondoñoMonsalve
CollegeofEngineering,MathematicsandPhysicalSciences,UniversityofExeter,Exeter,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2021 1
S.Pakzad(ed.),DynamicsofCivilStructures,Volume2,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47634-2_1
2 M.R.MarsicoandJ.M.LondoñoMonsalve
Fig.1.1 (a)Specimens1.2and1.3madeofasquarerubberpad15mmthick.(b)Circularsample1.5mmthickrubberpadwithafewlayer
grapheneontop.(c)Specimen2.2madeofninecircularrubberpadswith1kgappliedverticalload.(d)Specimen2.1madeofninecircularrubber
pads.(e)Experimentalsetup
1.2 CompositionofSpecimensand ExperimentalSetup
Twosetsofsamples,withcircularandsquaregeometriesweremanufactured.Set1samplesareconfinedtotwo72×72mm
squaresteelplates3mmthick,whileSet2samplesareconfinedtotwocircularsteelplates3mmthickwith72mmdiameter.
Set1consistsofthreespecimens.Specimen1.1ismadeofasquarepurerubberpad47mmsideand15mmthick;Specimen
1.2 is made of a square rubber pad 47 mm side and 15 mm thick with a circular thick layer of graphene on the top with
diameter of 38 mm; and Specimen 1.3 is made of a square rubber pad 47 mm side and 15 mm thick with a circular thin
layerofgrapheneonthetopwithdiameterof38mm(Fig.1.1a).Set2consistsoftwospecimensmadewithninecircular
padsofrubbereachwithdiameter47mmandthickness1.5mm.Specimen2.1ismadeofninepadsofpurerubberbonded
togetherusingacoldvulcanizingagent.Specimen2.2ismadeofninepadsofrubberalternatedtoeightcircularthinlayers
ofgraphenewithdiameter38mm(Fig.1.1b–d).
Graphene deposition on rubber was achieved by an isopropyl alcohol assisted direct transfer method [5]. To vary the
thicknessofthegraphenefilmsonrubber,multipletransfersofgraphenefilmswereused(i.e.3transfersforthethinfilms
◦
and6transfersforthethickfilms).Theelastomerusedinthesamplesisnaturalrubberwithhardness70 ShoreADegree,
measuredexperimentallyusingaRSProdigitaldurometer.
TheexperimentalsetupshowninFig.1.1ecanbeseenasasingle-degree-of-freedom(SDOF)mass-spring-dampersystem
withaccelerationsrecordedatthebottomofthelowersteelplatebondedtothespecimenandatthetopoftheaddedmass.
Experimental modal analysis was performed and the dynamics of the system and the mechanical properties essential to
characterizethespecimenswereextractedfromthemeasuredFrequencyResponseFunction(FRF).
Gravityloadsareappliedonthespecimensintheformofasolidstainlesssteelcylinderboltedontheuppersteelplate
(1 kg and 2 kg at a time). Vibration tests were also performed on one of the 3 mm steel plate alone to define its natural
frequencyandultimatelytoassessanydynamicinteractionwiththedynamicbehaviourofthegraphene-rubbercompound.
1.3 Analysis
FRFsofSet1sampleswereusedtoevaluatethespecimens’mechanicalbehaviourandtoextractdynamicpropertiessuch
asnaturalfrequencyanddamping.FRFsshowthattheverticalnaturalfrequencyofthetwospecimens1.2and1.3madeof
arubberpadandlayersofgrapheneontop(eitherthinorthick)ishigherthanthenaturalfrequencyofthespecimenmade
of pure rubber (specimen 1.1). This result proves that specimens 1.2 and 1.3 are stiffer vertically than specimen 1.1, and
thattheincreaseinverticalstiffnessisduelikelytotheaddedlayersofgraphene.Theverticalnaturalfrequencyofthethree
specimensisplottedinFig.1.2a,alsoshowingthatforexcitingfrequencieslessthan250Hz(i.e.afrequencyratiolessthan
0.7)thedynamicresponseofthespecimensisdisturbedbythedynamicresponseoftheconfiningsteelplates.
