Draft review of the importation of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries PDF

237 Pages·2012·1.49 MB·English

Importation of dogs and cats and
their semen from approved
countries
Draft policy review

July 2012
© Commonwealth of Australia 2012
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Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012). Importation
of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries—draft policy review. CC BY 3.0.
Cataloguing data
Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2012). Importation
of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries—draft policy review. Australian
Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra.
Internet
Importation of dogs and cats and their semen from approved countries—draft policy review is
available at http://www.daff.gov.au/ba.
Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to:
[email protected].
Disclaimer
The Australian Government, acting through the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Forestry, has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the
information in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Forestry, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including liability for
negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of
accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication to the maximum
extent permitted by law.
Front cover images by (clockwise from top left): Janene Kingston, Louise Sharp, Melissa
Markey and Andrea Roberts.
Submissions
This draft policy review has been issued to give all interested parties an opportunity
to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical or other gaps in the data,
or misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to the
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) within the comment
period stated in the related DAFF Biosecurity Advice on the Department of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry website. The draft policy review will then be
revised as necessary to take account of the comments received and a final policy
review prepared.
Comments on the draft policy review should be submitted to:
Animal Biosecurity
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
GPO Box 858
CANBERRA ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA
Telephone [phone]
Facsimile [phone]
Email [email protected]
Website daff.gov.au/ba

Formatting and proofreading by Biotext Pty Ltd, Canberra

Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations .............................................................................................. xi
Summary .............................................................................................................................. xiii
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy ...................................................................... 1
1.2 Background .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Current import policy .................................................................................. 3
1.5 Import policy since 1993 .............................................................................. 3
1.6 Biosecurity facilities and demand............................................................... 5
1.7 Potentially affected Australian sectors ...................................................... 6
1.8 Native fauna .................................................................................................. 7
2 Method ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Background .................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Risk review .................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Hazard identification.................................................................................. 10
2.4 Risk assessment ........................................................................................... 12
2.5 Risk management ........................................................................................ 12
2.6 Risk communication ................................................................................... 13
3 Hazard identification ............................................................................................. 15
4 Risk assessments ..................................................................................................... 37
4.1 Canine bartonellosis ................................................................................... 37
4.1.1 Background ..................................................................................... 37
4.1.2 Technical information ................................................................... 38
4.1.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 39
4.1.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 40
4.1.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 40
4.2 Canine brucellosis ....................................................................................... 45
v
4.2.1 Background ..................................................................................... 45
4.2.2 Technical information ................................................................... 45
4.2.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 47
4.2.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 48
4.2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 48
4.3 Canine influenza ......................................................................................... 50
4.3.1 Background ..................................................................................... 50
4.3.2 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 51
4.3.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 51
4.4 Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis .................................................................. 52
4.4.1 Background ..................................................................................... 52
4.4.2 Technical information ................................................................... 52
4.4.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 56
4.4.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 57
4.4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 58
4.5 Canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis ...................................................... 62
4.5.1 Background ..................................................................................... 62
4.5.2 Technical information ................................................................... 63
4.5.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 65
4.5.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 65
4.5.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 66
4.6 Chagas’ disease ........................................................................................... 67
4.6.1 Background ..................................................................................... 67
4.6.2 Technical information ................................................................... 68
4.6.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 69
4.6.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 69
4.6.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 70
4.7 Hepatozoonosis ........................................................................................... 71
4.7.1 Background ..................................................................................... 71
4.7.2 Technical information ................................................................... 71
4.7.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 73
4.7.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 74
4.7.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 74
4.8 Leishmaniasis .............................................................................................. 77
4.8.1 Background ..................................................................................... 77
4.8.2 Technical information ................................................................... 78
4.8.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 80
4.8.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 80
4.8.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 80
vi Draft policy review—Importation of dogs and cats and their semen
4.9 Leptospirosis ................................................................................................ 82
4.9.1 Background ..................................................................................... 82
4.9.2 Technical information ................................................................... 83
4.9.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 85
4.9.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 86
4.9.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 86
4.10 Lyme disease ............................................................................................... 90
4.10.1 Background ..................................................................................... 90
4.10.2 Technical information ................................................................... 90
4.10.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 92
4.10.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 92
4.10.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 93
4.11 Nagana ......................................................................................................... 97
4.11.1 Background ..................................................................................... 97
4.11.2 Technical information ................................................................... 97
4.11.3 Current biosecurity measures ...................................................... 98
4.11.4 Risk review ..................................................................................... 98
4.11.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 99
4.12 Nipah virus encephalitis .......................................................................... 100
4.12.1 Background ................................................................................... 100
4.12.2 Technical information ................................................................. 100
4.12.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 102
4.12.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 102
4.12.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 102
4.13 Parasites—external ................................................................................... 104
4.13.1 Background ................................................................................... 104
4.13.2 Technical information ................................................................. 105
4.13.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 108
4.13.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 108
4.13.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 109
4.14 Parasites—internal .................................................................................... 110
4.14.1 Background ................................................................................... 110
4.14.2 Technical information ................................................................. 111
4.14.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 111
4.14.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 112
4.14.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 112
4.15 Piroplasmosis............................................................................................. 113
4.15.1 Background ................................................................................... 113
4.15.2 Technical information ................................................................. 114
4.15.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 118
Contents vii
4.15.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 119
4.15.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 120
4.16 Rabies .......................................................................................................... 123
4.16.1 Background ................................................................................... 123
4.16.2 Technical information ................................................................. 126
4.16.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 137
4.16.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 137
4.16.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 141
4.17 Rift Valley fever ......................................................................................... 149
4.17.1 Background ................................................................................... 149
4.17.2 Technical information ................................................................. 150
4.17.3 Current import conditions .......................................................... 151
4.17.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 151
4.17.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 152
4.18 Screw-worm fly myiasis ........................................................................... 153
4.18.1 Background ................................................................................... 153
4.18.2 Technical information ................................................................. 154
4.18.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 155
4.18.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 155
4.18.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 155
4.19 Surra ............................................................................................................ 157
4.19.1 Background ................................................................................... 157
4.19.2 Technical information ................................................................. 157
4.19.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 158
4.19.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 158
4.19.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 159
4.20 Tularaemia ................................................................................................. 161
4.20.1 Background ................................................................................... 161
4.20.2 Technical information ................................................................. 161
4.20.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 162
4.20.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 162
4.20.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 163
4.21 Yersiniosis .................................................................................................. 164
4.21.1 Background ................................................................................... 164
4.21.2 Technical information ................................................................. 164
4.21.3 Current biosecurity measures .................................................... 165
4.21.4 Risk review ................................................................................... 166
4.21.5 Conclusion .................................................................................... 166
viii Draft policy review—Importation of dogs and cats and their semen
5 Risk management.................................................................................................. 169
5.1 Risk management options ....................................................................... 170
5.2 Current policy perspective ...................................................................... 175
5.3 Risk management for rabies .................................................................... 178
5.3.1 Background ................................................................................... 178
5.3.2 Pre-export measures .................................................................... 180
5.3.3 Conclusion—pre-export measures ............................................ 184
5.3.4 Post-arrival measures .................................................................. 184
5.3.5 Conclusion—post-arrival measures .......................................... 185
5.3.6 Proposed biosecurity measures for rabies ................................ 185
6 Proposed biosecurity measures for dogs, cats and their semen ................... 189
6.1 Proposed biosecurity measures for dogs from approved
countries ..................................................................................................... 189
6.1.1 Pre-export quarantine requirements for dogs ......................... 189
6.1.2 Post-arrival quarantine requirements for dogs ....................... 194
6.2 Proposed biosecurity measures for cats from approved
countries ..................................................................................................... 195
6.2.1 Pre-export requirements for cats ............................................... 195
6.2.2 Post-arrival quarantine requirements for cats ......................... 197
6.3 Proposed biosecurity measures for dog and cat semen from
approved countries ................................................................................... 198
7 Proposed operational requirements for dogs, cats and/or their semen ...... 199
7.1 Transport .................................................................................................... 200
7.2 Importation of dogs .................................................................................. 201
7.2.1 Importation of dogs from a Group 1 country .......................... 202
7.2.2 Importation of dogs from New Zealand .................................. 206
7.3 Importation of cats .................................................................................... 209
7.3.1 Importation of cats from a Group 1 country ............................ 210
7.3.2 Importation of cats from New Zealand .................................... 212
7.4 Importation of dog or cat semen ............................................................. 214
Appendix 1 .......................................................................................................................... 217
Appendix 2 .......................................................................................................................... 219

Contents ix
Tables
Table 1 Summary comparison of current and proposed risk management
measures for dogs and cats and their semen ............................................... xvi
Table 2 Dog and cat imports into Australia (2007–2011) ............................................. 6
Table 3 Hazard identification and refinement for diseases affecting dogs
and/or cats .......................................................................................................... 17
Table 4 Examples of significant tick-transmitted diseases of dogs ........................ 106
Table 5 Summary of piroplasmid species in dogs and cats .................................... 115
Table 6 Species in the Lyssavirus genus and their host species .............................. 128
Table 7 Known reservoir hosts of rabies virus biotypes ......................................... 129
Table 8 Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats ......................................... 136
Table 9 Categories of countries approved to export dogs and cats to
Australia ........................................................................................................... 176
Figures
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hazard identification and refinement ...................... 11
Figure 2 Schematic outline of proposed country approval and classification
system................................................................................................................ 177

x Draft policy review—Importation of dogs and cats and their semen