Do Community Characteristics Determine Environmental Outcomes?

36 Pages·2015·0.09 MB·English

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Do Community Characteristics Determine
Environmental Outcomes? Evidence from
the Toxics Release Inventory
aro raAmeeS
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1616 P Street, NW
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© 6991 secruoseR rof eht .erutuF llA sthgir.devreser
tu odnhe ot crii fsouetwyoiNdpra hoaometrppbper
permission of the authors.
Discussion papers are research materials circulated by their
srohtua rof sesoprup fo noitamrofni dna .noissucsid yehT
have not undergone formal peer review or the editorial
tne mdteaderrotcca FFR skoob dna. srneohittoacilbup
- ii -
Do Community Characteristics Determine Environmental Outcomes?
Evidence from the Toxics Release Inventory
nos a.yCNhtom id Tnaaro raAmeeS
Abstract
e thsatc(itsiretcar adhocohrobhg ise enhscurae sseirhT edocpiz nialpx eo t)leve l
yrotnev neIsael esRcix oe Thstenib m. o3tc9I 9d 1n0a9 9n1eewt esbesael ecrix onstiegnahc
fnooitac oe lhetzyla ntas r. isefuWsn eS0CU9 9e 1hmto raft acdihpargom ehdt iawtad
ne hdt n,aled onmoitcel eeslpm agasni sduoohrobhgi ernalucitr a napsieitilic agfnirutcafunam
d ncaihpargom eed h ot3t9 9d1 n0a9 9n1eewt esbnoissi m feloev eel h ntsiegna hectubirtta
selbair atva hettacid nsitlus e.e r0h9T 9nd1ioohrobhgi ee n hfstocitsiretcara hccimonoce-oicos
yltnacifingi snoitc alacitilo pn iegagn eo tseitinummo cro fytisnepor peh ttceff ao tylekil
shacu ss(doohrobhgi e fnsocitsiretcara hccimon o. ceEcnamrofr elpatnemnoriv neecneulfni
eh tn isegnah cesael e .Rsesaele rn isegnah ctceff aosl a)tnemyolpmen udn asleve lemocni
lai cha trtinwetsis nnorce tt tiaabpi hnSxrUeetsaehtuoS ecitsujni .
noitacifissal CLEJ No. : Q00
- iii -
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 1
2. noitcurts nsoeCsehto pdkynrHaowem alraFciteroehT ................................ .................. 4
3. noitacifice plSed odM naataD ................................ ................................ ....................... 7
3.1 yrotnev neIsael esRcix oeThT ................................ ................................ ............... 7
3.2 a tsauDs neehCT ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 9
3.3 selbaira Vainrofila ClanoitiddA ................................ ................................ .............. 9
3.4 noitacifice plSedoM ................................ ................................ ............................ 12
4. stluseR ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 16
4.1 setamits Eelpma SlluF ................................ ................................ ......................... 16
4.2 nretsaehtuoS .S.U setamitsE ................................ ................................ ............... 22
4.3 setamits EainrofilaC ................................ ................................ ............................ 25
5. yrammuS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 28
secnerefeR ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 30
List of Tables and Figures
.e1lbaT n o Siaf UttoeSpahNidtErCcseD ................................ ................................ ..... 10
.e2lbaT scitsita tySrammuS ................................ ................................ .......................... 14
.e3lbaT .eUrit nr Eosftlus enRoitamitsE S., Southeastern and Non-South States ........... 17
.e4lbaT sesehtop yyHrami rePer h fTsots edTlaW ................................ ......................... 20
.e5lbaT ainrofil arC osftlus enRoitamitsE ................................ ................................ ...... 26
.e1rugiF )selbair adVeificepS-cidardau Qs(esael e nReigna h nCtocap mdIetamitsE ....... 21
.e2rugiF n.rSe.tUsae h:teugoaStn encorietPa le utt picdoh aePWfpt-omanImoiNtsE
vs. Non-South ................................ ................................ ................................ . 24

Do Community Characteristics Determine Environmental Outcomes?
Evidence from the Toxics Release Inventory
nos a.yCNhtom id Tnaaro raAmeeS 1
1. INTRODUCTION
mrofn icilbu pf oes uehT hcaorp peavitavon n ni salio oytcil olpatnemnoriv n ne sanaoita
noitull o fpeogdelwo nckilb utpa h styicil ohapc u fseosime rgpniylred n eu. hnToitalug eort
tre xne ancr u nthici h,wseitinumm o ycnboitapicitr adpemrof ndi neavitcef freedneg nneac
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f oelpicnir psih tdeidobm ehci h twc AwonK-ot-thgi Rytinummo Cdn agninnal Pycnegrem Eeht
rieh tcilbu peka mS Ueh tn iseitilica fgnirutcafuna mll atah tdetadna mt .Ierusolcsi dcilbup
desael ee rraat ae ds.e rheTt ad wndan a,lr ie ahott nsilacime hccix o0 t2r3e vfsooesaeler
erev e yasdberips nsi aww a el. h)TIR Ty(rotnev neIsael esRcix oeT h ntyillaunna
fhota ee d hodt tes lacgi x foeaotsael ee rhetre h,waid n,Ilapo hnyBidega rltatnemnorivne
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1
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.N ,tnnoesmatCrap e f D,oystciismroenvoic nEfUo ,narienhrtoufo iSsloaLC selegnA .A3C520-9800 9 eW
ev adhetifen emborf luf pslten hedmemdoicvorp yb srtannaipmiecsit rtaap atn a,Sa-rCaUbraB e hyttisrevinUfo
Southern California and Resources for the Future, and conference participants at the European Agricultural and
ecruoseR stsimonocE gniteeM ni ,nobsiL .lagutroP eW dluow ekil ot knaht divaD ,nitsuA sallaD,wartruB
Brian Kropp, Eduardo Ley, Ian Parry, Hillary Sigman, Jeff Wagner, Margaret Walls, and Chris Wernstedt. We
retain responsibility for any errors. e hrT edp e aetspleailw hpewm ho ttc rssore hicg tfrnsuruiaaootwfsiesRiv
the Future. ar oysrleAlg udlfeaelitwcaon rnatgknrcioafppus morf eht newO etauda rlGoohcS fotnemeganaM
Dean ' s dnuF rof remmuS.hcraeseR
- 2 - no sdaanrCaorA
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,nos adC naaror As(esael eercud e orstmr i yfsbevitaiti nyiratnul olvarev e osdt eIl ReThT
ne hnwe vseeitilic asfsor csatsi xseesael elratnemnoriv n nenioitair aevgr a,alreve w. o)H6991
. l taeedee By(napm otcner aepm aes h ytdben weo rsaeitilic aefseht , eyb asm i. h)T19 91
feorut aen h rt,ox itmcudo r,ptna lep h fteo geak islcitsiretcara hccifice ptsna l ypdbenialpxe
latnemnoriv n,erev e.w sonHoitalug eerta tysratnemelpm ortconereff irydortsud neiht
r onfommoc ntu o sn. tisIerusse ryptinumm o ocet urdeff iods lya asmeitilic a ffeocnamrofrep
f oytilibisso peh tgnic a .Fsnoissim erewo lo tnoitc aytinummo cgnitnorfno cseitilica flairtsudni
,stseret nyitinumm o ocgtnidnops esrrotalug edr nsaeitinumm o ycebrusn edc ndanamirper
ngi ssemitemo sdn asnoitcude resaele ryratnulo veka mseitilica femos " .segd erlopbhg ideonog "
e hd tnyatilic ae fhnteewt esbnoitaitog etncer iftdolus ee rhntet fe orsaegde lrpobhgi ednooG
.snoissim eecude ro tsesimor pytilica feh thcih wn i,ytinummoc 2 timr esptnemeer g eam oS
sa hnoitamrofn icilbu pe h .Tytilica feh tf ostidu alatnemnorivn en ietapicitra po tseitinummoc
gnicneulfn in ietapicitra po tes una cyeh thcih wnoitamrofn ihti wseitinummo cderewopme

2
The 1988 TRI data revealed that Syntex Corporation, a pharmaceutical company, was one of the largest
s.dr oe esd z n t tafi,oEcotrnr on riHitieeo mafetTxmddlnrrgoduAoelioiiorllEtusCafoulRoeooBBRBp
(Boulder Residents for the Elimination of Airborne Toxins and Hazardous Emissions) It mobilized support
from citizen action and pressured Syntex to sign a 'rob hdgoioegn ' syn0bo5iss iemc eu d.doeeetg grd d etelIlpp
percent by the year 1994. In 1989, the Goodrich facility in Akron, Ohio promised a 70 percent reduction in air
.erus syetripnu mgmnoicwo lslcoifxot
- 3 -
Do Community Characteristics Determine Environmental Outcomes?
Evidence from the Toxics Release Inventory
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mo rsfnoitcud enroissi m fesoegde lypratnul otvici lne ayctinumm oec h,taid eem hdt nsapuorg
ytinummo ctah tseirtnuo cgnipoleve dn inev eecnediv es iere h .Tseitilica flaco leht
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.)5 9,9r1eleehW
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etshact(itsiretcar adhocohr o.bsh ug s i0e enSe9seWeUn9uhC1t edocpiz nialpx eo t)leve l
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noitcel eeslpm agasni sduoohrobhgi ernalucitr a napsieitilic agfnirutcafun a fmnooitac oelht
cix oyt nsaecneirep xdeoohrobhgi etana hdtoohilek iel hstetal eerga ttssr is fi. hlTedom
floev ee lhnstiegna hectubirt tn.ae dheotWohrobhgi etna hfstocitsiretcara he chosttesaeler
fsocitsiretcara hccimonoce-oic od sncaihpargom ee dho3tt9 9d 1n0a9 9n1eewt esbnoissime
slal esswaeta tdSeti neUrit ne ehr tosfisyla ne ahttcud n. o0ec9W 9nd1ioohrobhgi eenht
.snoig elracihpargo ecgificeps
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redne gdn atnargimm i,laica reh tredisno ce wtsr i .Fsemoctu olatnemnorivn egnicneulfn in isyalp
teonhtatve lesert ral.us sdeeohroThrobh g sifceointsiretcarahc ecits'u jlatnemnorivne '.erut aretil 3
latnemnoriv n,e.e. is(eta tnsretsaehtu oes h ntsia iebc adrezilanoig e fareocnedi veem odsn iefW
" ecitsujni "d nsacitsiretcara hccimono cneeewt epbihsnoital eer hetnima x eet wx. e)N
)set atrnemyolpme ndu neamoc nniaid e smhacu ss(rotc acfimon o. csEemoct uloatnemnorivne
- 4 - no sdaanrCaorA
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oyttili bsa tdi nyatinumm oec h ftyotivit claacitil oep hhtt idwetaicos s ea obdtetcep xseelbairav
ecnamrofre platnemnorivn eecneulfn iselbaira vese h .Tsesub alatnemnorivn eesopp oylevitcelloc
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.tnacifing iysllacitsita tts o snticap msii htt u,bainrofil a nCtiuonr urtetov
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES CONSTRUCTION
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d nsaren wyotilic anfe h,tnoitanimircs i odet uedgna hscesae l .e f)rI56 9,1nosl On(oitca
nsiesael eersaerc nd insadoohrobhgi efnnooitisopm olcaic ae rhrtedisn oscrotarepo
,mr oefr us. p tnnioIitalup o)ptnargim msipahr edpn ay(tiron irmeta e hratg iswdoohrobhgien
e r muaopr fe(siwreh ttoa hstdoohrobhgi eenm onssiesael erretae rosgtda enloitanimircs isdiht
,esn essi h nt;isesael erretae regcneirep xte odnlu o)wtniopdna tgsnizimixam-tiforp " srfeonwo
eciduje rrp osftifo rfpfo-eda rsteitilic aeftsaw " ,5p 9,9n1otlim aH( . 109).
ta hsteilp mmieroe hetsa oe Chstts oncoitcasna rttuoht idwl r n,oaiywlevitanretlA
esua c. eeBgam atdsa eel h otldl iswesael eer hhtci h nwsidoohrobhgi e nneisaerc nlil iswesaeler
,doohrobhg i fesaoncitsiretcara hccihpargom ed dncaimono ce e hndtonep eldl iewgam aedht

3
E. G ., Anderton et al. (1994), Bryant and Mohai (1992), Bullard (1983 and 1990) and Goldman and Fritton
(1994).
- 5 -
Do Community Characteristics Determine Environmental Outcomes?
Evidence from the Toxics Release Inventory
eehstaer c yntai amshrtot c ea.efhfy motrooStanimirc sriade pdpla usoecmoc t,uroevewoh
.seul ayvtrepo rdp nsaemoc nriehg ieh rdaoohrobhgi ennev inasgiesael edresaerc n fisotsoc 4
esaerc ndilu oscesael eo,rsec ad rnnaoitacu dodetetal ee rrsalev eelmoc nd insaeul ayvtreporP
-eg arwew odl nyatrepo rdpeulav-rew otlcef fyae hetsuac eybler esmdoohrobhgi eyntiron inmi
d nsaeul ayvtrepo rr posflortn oscisyla n.r anuoOitanimircs iedr ufeposuac et bo,nsrenrae
.snoitanal pexveitanre telsa e tht u trtoooptsm e etnnmtiaoacni 5
yeh tesuace bdoohrobhgie nnevi gan isesaele resaercn io tedice dya msmri f,yllaniF
tnereff i ndsitnedi s. edRoohrobhgi etna h ntnioit ceavitcell o)clacitilo ps(s eelcaf
evitcell o nceigag nde nsamelbo rrpedir-ee refmocre v ooyttili braie h ntyir asvdoohrobhgien
r o,f fnioitanimircs iedr u oprtalim irsaep ptaa hstemoct u notilus edrlu osci h,tni a. gnAoitca
hsiugnitsi do .Tevitc ayllacitilo psse ler asdoohrobhgie ntnargimm ir oytironi m,elpmaxe
ostevitnec nticef f oaytlek iel rtaa hstelbair aevm oesdulc n eiswnoitanalp xeese hnteewteb
led o namdi n;a)nerdli hhct iswdlohesu o fhnooitca ref h sthacu sn(oit ceavitcell o nceigagne
d nnaoit claacitil o fpsoerusa etmcer iedm oesdulc n eiywl naot aadinrofil a nCdoesab
.evitaiti nliatnemnoriv n nnesaotlus eert od vntauonr urtetov--secnerefe rlpatnemnorivne
fnooitca refgr aealv anhet f SoeU h ntsidoohrobhgi ednegatnavdas iydllacimonocE
selbair ayvrotanalp xre u foeom ors onfoitalerr osc i. hsTdlohesu odheda eehlam edf nyatironim
tcerroc neisu a ocltaitnet oep hst amhelbo rs pi. hmTelbo ryptiraenilocitl ucmissa lsacetaerc

4
For example, in litigation injured parties could recover damages based on reduced property values, and in the
esac fo esrevd ahtlae hstcapmi taht timil krow ytiliba eht seitrap dluoc revocer tsol.emocni
5
This is a different point than stated by Been (1994). She argues that releases in a neighborhood decrease
property values, which then attract minority populations. The intent is not discriminatory even though the
s.om etetbelsuser