Table Of ContentDivergiTnigl ne
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LEXINGTON BOOKS
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Divergitnigm: e thep olitoifcm so derniitnKy a ntH,e gela,n d
MarxI D aviCda rvounas.
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Inclt;des biblrieofgerraepnhacinecdisa n ld ex.
ISBN0 -7391-03(7a2l-pk5a. p er)-IS0B-N7 391-03(7p3b-:k3 .
alkp.a per)
1.T ime-Socioloagsipceacl2t .s .C ivilization,
Modern-Philos3o.pK hayn.tI ,m manuell72,4 -18-0C4ontributions
inp olitsicciaeln 4c.eH .e gelG,e orWgi lhelFmr iedrich,
177-01831-Contribiuntp ioolnist isccaile n5c.eM .a rxK,a rl,
1818-1883-Contribiuntp ioolnist isccaile n!c.Te i.tle.
HM656. C37240 02
304.2'3-dc21
2002002165
Printientd h Uen iteSdt atoefsA merica
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Thep apeurs eid nt hipsu blicamteieotnts h em inimurme quiremoefnA tmse rican
NationSatla ndafrodIr n formatSicoine ncesr-mPaenenocfeP apefro rP rintLeidb rary
MateriaAlNsS,I INISO Z39.48-1992.
FoArl kKiosn tos
Contnets
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction XI
1 Modernitayn dt heF uturaesa P rolbem
2 EnlgihtenFeudt u:rK eant 19
3 RecapturinSgp itrohifett h eP asHte:g el 41
4 JumpinOgv erR hodeMsa:r x 67
5 Dawna ndD ecline 93
SelectBeidb liography III
Index 119
Aboutt heA uthor 123
Acknolwedmgenst
Iw oulldi kteo gisvpee citahla nktsoa ne xrtaordintaerayc hAelrk,i Kso ntotso,
whomt hibso ok wiasr mldye dicataenddt ,oG raemNei cholstoown h,o ml owe
greatlyh ifksoi rn idn tellescutpupaotlrh tr oughtohuewt r itionftg h ema nuscript.
Iw ouladl sloi kteog ivteh antkosE dwarAdn drewJ,o seph CaRroennaslB,de iner,
andP hilHlainps efno rt hehierl pfuslu ggteisonasn do bservatoinot nhsem anu
scriTphta.n kasl stoom y colleaCgruaeil gr eland,Afcihdautsew sh,o suen afiling
critiacsasle ssmoefn ttm haen uscrfiropmt i,t isn cepttioo nci otmsp letsiiomnp,l y
cannboetm easurFeidn.a lIlw yo,u lldi kteot hanKkr istReonb ertsh efproa rt ience
ands upport.
Introduction
Inh isp reafcet o tthwee lftehd itioofnD emoaccryi nA mreicAal,ex idse
Tocquevtiellllets h auts whheew nr otteh isst udiyn1 83h5im si nd wsaisn gularly
occupied:p aegvheea rsay" solewmanrn ingt"h atth efo rmo fs ociyei tsc hanging,
andt hatth ec onidtiounnsd ewrh ichhu manitlyi vearse c hangianngd,t haats a
conesquen"cnee wd estinaireeis m pendgi.n"T!o cquevidloelse enxota gegrate;
howevesri,n cew ahrniisn gs sureltyo olc aotfmeoe ur s t odatyh,e ayr teo a c ertain
extelnetsa sp posiMtoer.ei mportaarnset o meo ft hceo nsequetnhcaheteso bserves
int he woarrlodu nhdi mc,o nsequewnhciecshh e a ttribautlt eeasis ntp a rttoa n ew
guidientgh oosfh umaniTtyo.c quevifilnldesa ne xamploeft hiest howsh enh e
askasn A mericsaani l"owrh yt hes hiposfh icso nutrayr be uislota st ol asbuttf or
a shortmtie .W"i thoruet flecftoiran m go mentt hes ailaonrs wetrhsa tth e" arotf
navigatiiseo vne rdya ym akinsgu crha pipdr oegrsst,h atth efi nesvte ssweolu ld
becomael mousste leisfis tl astbeedy onad c ertaniunm beorf y ear.s"W itht his
responTsoec,q ueville retchoe"g indieuzape osnw hicah g reapte opldier ecatlsl
itcso ncrnes.""A llc oncernasr ed irectteowda rdp rae setnhtai ts k nown bteo
transitaonrday fu ,t ure tihsea xtp ectteobd e d ifefrenftrm o,a ndb etter than, the
pasTto.c quevkinlolwets h amta nyc onsequefnolcelsof wro m thiisd eaan,d w hile
hei su nderwhelbmye dt ahpep areenfetfc tth iest hos hhaados n t hpe rseecnutl ture
oftheA mericawnhso e spouiste, cohen festsheahst e oivse rwhelbmyet dh et ask
ofi denytiinfigt pso ssijibtlet ucrones eqnuceefso rh umaintya sa wholeN.e w
destinairieen sd eefodr tchominbgu,ti nl ookionvget rh ceh angisnogc ipaoll,i tical,
andc ultulraanld scoafpt eh em odemw orlTdo,c quevcialnlo en lrye martkh at
thweo rlwdh icihsr isiinngte oxs itenicsse t ihlallef n cubmerebdyt hreem ainosf
thweo rlwdh icihsw aninign tdoe caayn;d a midtshte vpaesrtep xliotfyh umna
afafirnso,n cea ns ayh owm ucho fa ncieinnts tituatnidf oonnsn emra nenrsw ill
remaino,r hmouwc hw ilclo mpletdeilsypa epaAr.l thoutghhree v olutwihoinhc
xii Intrcotdiuon
ist akipnlga cient hseo cicaoln dititohnel, a wst,h oep inionasn,dt hef eelionfg s
men,i ss tivlelr fya frr omb eintge nninayteetid t,rs e sults aaldrmeiaotdf ny o
compariwsiotnah n ythitnhgat th weo rlhda se ver bewfiotrnee s3s ed
Withouat hionftn ostalTgoicaq ueviclolnec ludheisss t udbyy o fefrinngo t a
simpwlaern ingb,u ti nsteaar de markaobbleser vati"oIgn o:b acfrko m age atgoe
upt o trheem oteasntt iqubiuttIyfi ;n dn op araltlowe hla ti so ccurrbienfgo rmey
eyes:t haeps a shta s ceatsot ehdr oiwt lsi guhpto nt hefu turet,h em indo fm an
wanderisno bcsuri.t"Ty4h iissn ota ni ndicotfmm oedenrnti twyh icsht ubbornly
reufsetso s eeth el igfhrotm thep asitti; s i nesatda ni nshitig ntop rae diecnatm in
which humanitiyt sfeailtanf nd e sa rlsyt agoefm odernity.
Thep redicamtoew nhti cTho cquevailllluedi estsh amto dernity cdaenpneontd
ont hel igfhrotm thep astto i lluminiattse futWuirtheo.u at s ourcofel ightth,e
futurbee comecsl aokedi n darkanneds s tphree selnatc ktsh ev iisont o move
forwardT.h em odernm indo ft hep reseansti ,f i na darkw oodw,a nderisn
obscurBiuttyt .h em odemm indd id nwoatn deirn o bscurfiotrly o ngi,f aaltl .
Tocqueville hsitsery aeilsno eodk ifnorg l ighfrotm previoaugse asn df ound
nothitnoig l lumitnhaect hea ngteask ipnlga ce arounbdu thh ei mw;al so okiinng
thwe ronpgl acoer, twhreo ntgi meH.ed oenso tb eholtdh el igehmta natifronmg
thfuet uriet sfe.T locquevwiaIslc eo rretchtpe:a shta dc easteods hinietl si ght upon
thefu turbeu;t w hilteh em odemp resernetq uilreidgt hotj ourneyf orwarid,td id
nonte ed lfirogmh tth pea sbte,c autshefue t urhea d oiwtnss ourocfel ighast o,u rce
fuelebdy h umani maginaTthiionnse. w l ight, sbhriinlilnigai nltlluym,i ntahtiensg s
thawte reh ithecrotnoc eailnet dh e shadoofhw usm ane xiesntceW.i ht thilsi ght
emergaen se wa warenneosts oonflt yh ewo rltdh aetx isbtus( .aow fo rltdh at can
bec reatTehdem. o demp resebnutm sw itehx peacttioonfas betItieef-ra n ewl ief
thaitsj usotn t heh orizon.m oTdheemw orld cmoouvledc onfidenttolwya rtdh is
lighlte,a vitnhgep asbte hind.
Thep redicamoefmn otd ernithyo,w eveirsm, o rec omplicaIttde ids.c lotshees
mores eriopurso bleomf t emporcaolo rdinationnt eernebcdyo m uodernitay ;
probletmh aftor c enturwiaescs o nceablyet dh ed ominanocfet he poavsettr h e
preseanntdfu turBee.o fret hem odema gea,u biquitpoaushste lsdw ayo vebro ht
preseanntd fututrheu,gs i vitnegm porailtigste yn ercaolh erence.t hOepn acset
coulndo l ongpeerr OflIDt hirso lae n,e ww ayt oc oordintahteem odeos ft ime
becamiem peratAinvdei .t wtaots h efu turteh amto dernittuyrn edfo rt hissu btle
yetd emanding Rteapslka.c ai pnags t orientaatfu itounr oewr iitehn taptoisoend
riskas p;a sotr ientahtaidoo fnf erheudm aniat wye ll-trapvaetlwehid h t time
honoreexdp erienwchielsae,fu turoer ientactoiuolandtb esotf fehru maniat yn ew
journey wietxhp eacttioonfsa b ettleierf. Y ett hec oodrinatoifotni mwei tlhi ght
from thefu tursee emewdo rtthh er isBke.s idreesp,l acliinggfh rotm t he pwaistth
ligfhrotm t hfuet urhea d tahdev antagoen lnoyof pt r ovidtienmgp orcaolo rdination
buta lsoof i lluminaa tnienpwgo litviicsailIo nnf .ac tm,o demt emporcaolo rdina
tioinsi mpossiwbilteh oaup to litviicsailoo fna betfutteurr e.
introcdtuion xiii
Thet hremeo sti maginatainvdfue n damentmaolm entdse pictmiondge rn
attemtpotr se conctihlmeeo deosf t imew,h ilsei multaneporuosvliyd hiunmga nity
witahn ewp oltiicvails iaorne,f o undi n tphoel ittihcoaulg htI momfa nuKealn t,
Georg WilFhreilemd rHiecghe, la nd Karl KMaanrtxg .i veesx presstioto hne
Enlhitgenmebnyto fferinhgu manyi ttheh ope of prTohgerm eosdse.rna gem ay
noyte bte a ne nlhitgened bounthe u,m aintsyh owusn miasktabslieg nse moefri gng
fromi tsse -lifmposiemdm aturTioth ya.s ttehnie sm ergenacnedt og uidheu manyi t
forwardK,a nt lonooktts o t hee xemplanrayt urep aosfwt i sdoamn dt mthb,u t
insteafdai ttihno twhie sdoamn dt ruthp roofg ressfa-iatt hh acto uplaec sa utious
optimiisnfum t uriem provemweinttrh a tionaanldif tutyu re-oriaecnttievdTi htey .
ideoaf p rogreissfs o rK antt hel ink ctohnatn ectthsem odernp resewnitt thh e
recenutnldye rmipnaesdat n,dt hmeo dern prewsietnthth yee t-toc-rbee afuttuerde .
WhereaKsa not ffers thhoep oe fp rogreHsesg,eo lff ersa t heoryh iosft ortiicmael.
Understantdhien gd ynamihciss toofrt iicmageli vetsh em odernw orladw ay to
makei ntellithgei pbrloele irfatioofnt hen ewth at mbee caa sailenftea turoef
modernitHye.g le'tsh eoroyfh istortiicmaueln covecrosn tiriaumiotnyg c hange,
whicbho tfhac liitattheers e cotnrsuctoifoan c oherepnats t ainldl unmaitetsh e
featuroefsa pproaching changber,i dtghaiennir gne cbrye asidnijgsunlcyt ipvaes t
andf utureF.o rH egetlh ep asits v iewed a atsh eatwehre rhei storcihcaanlg e
involtvhees dissoolftu hteoi lodan n dt her isoeft hen ewa,n dt hinso ts om ucha t
thee xpenosfet hep astth aans a necessaanrdyl ogicparold uocft tphaes Bt.y
attempttiorn egc apttuhrese p iroiftt h ep astt,h ucso nnecttihnemg o demp resent
tow haptr ecedietHd,e gemla keas s trgo,nm odecrna steh atth ep astp oilsi tically
and logiucnarleltyra ibelvea,n dt haat g euninenlye wfut uries e mergiTnhg.e
modernp reseanntd, iitmsm edfiutautrheoe w,ev eri,s faasar sH ege'lsph ilosophy
cant akues A.s M arxs eeistH ,e gel'phsli ospohyt akeussa l onwga yb,u tn otq uite
faern ougMha.r xi sap olitpihcialloo pshewrh od emandtsh atth weo rlbde changed
andn otj usitn terprbeutteh de,i sa lsao h istorwihaonu nderstatnhdast while
humancsa nm akeh itsory, dtohn eoyt m akei tu ndecro nditioofn st heir own
choosiTnhge.p a stth uesx erciasnei sn fluenocnet hep resentc iarncdu mscribes
choicfeosrt hec reatioofsn o methitnogt ally Mnarexwt .e lulss thhautm an
emancipaitsio not nh eh orizaonnd,t haat r adicfuatlu roer ientaitsni eocne ssary,
butw e canjnuotsl tae p inttoh efu turew;e musti nsteaacdtu pont hefu ture
potentiinta hlep resent.
KantH,e gealn,d M arx feltt hewye rep rovidhiunmga niwtiyt thh ev ision
necesstaorj yo muey forwaridn ttoh em oderna gev,i siownhsi cihn clundeew
interpretoaftt hiepo ansspt r,e seanntd,fu turea,n dn eww ayso fc onjointihneg.m
Butl ookibnagc ko vetrh el ascto upolefc etnuriiesis th arndo tt on otitchea tth e
journeyt owaradb ettfeutru rhea sp rovetnob ed ififculitfn ota ltogether elusive.
It eivse nh ardneor tt on otitchea gtr anvdi sioonfas b ettefurt ursee emt oh ave
givewna yt ot hee xingceieosft hei mmediaptree seDnotm.in atebdy s hort-term
concernosfd aillyie f,w e finodu re xpectatdiiomnisn isahnidno gu ro rienotna ti
towartdh efu turmeo red iffictuolm ta intaWiint.hd iminisehxipnegc tattihoen s,
XIV Introduction
futuraep peafrasrl esrse splentdoednatty h aint d idt woc enturaigeosa; n da sa
resuwleta ,d vanicnet o am inelnwln eiuwmi thd iam llyi t horPiezrohnaw.ph sa t
Tocquevsialiladeb outth pea scte asitnotg h roiwt lsi gchatnn owb es aiadb outth e
futurBeu. tw itholuitg fhrotm eithtehrep asotr tfuhteu re,o bhsiesr vatthiatothn e
modern miwnadn deirnso bscuriiset vyne m orea ppropriatteh atinowt da assy o me
twoc enturaigeoHs.e ncei,fa d isjuncptaisavtne d f uturgea vbei rttohm odernity,
andi fm odernitrye quirae nde w watyob ridge dtihsijsu nctthieotnnh ,e new,
modernw ayt oc oordintaetmep orasleietmyts o datyoh avleo sittc so herenTchee.
problemt eomfp orcaolo rdinasteieomnts o h aver etrnued,b utw itthh icsr ucial
differencwee: a ren owm orer emovefdrm o ourp asyte ta tt hes ame time less
enthusiaabsotuittch e proospfce rceta tain negw fu ture.
Ift hibso okr eturntsot heb eginnoifnt gh em oderna geo,r t ot hee mergence
ofa temporaslpietcyif tiomc o deirtyni,ti sn eithteosr a tiaidtlefe an tasnyo,rt o
fahsioan s tudcyo nifnetdo thhies toorfiy d eaistr; e turnisn stetaod shhooww
KantH,e gealn,dM arxs treagticaclolnyt ritbouo tueru nderstanodfitnhmgee aning
ofm odernitfroym thepiarr ticpuolsairt wiiotnh tihnep erspecotfit veem porality.
Thipsa rticuplearrs pecdtoievnseo ti ntetnodc halleonrge ec lipse poetrhsepre c
tivebsu,t m ay providae c ontexmto,d etrenpm oarliwtyi,t hiwnh icho ther
perspectmiavybe esl ocatMeodr.ei mportatnhti,s baorogku tehsa tth ipse rspective
isn ecesrsyta ou ndrestaonudrc urrernatp poorrtl ,a ctkh ere, ofwithfu ttuhreBe y.
returnitnogt hea dvenotfm odernyi-twhen oan ceu biqiutoupsa sotr ientation
givewsa yt o aans cendfuitnugr oer ientatiobno-otkhc iosn seirdst hefu turoef
modernitbyy e xlporitnhge fu turie nm odernitTyh.i sma neuveirsi mportant
becauwshee themro dernity ah fuatsu ries v ermyu cht ieudp w itthh ee xtetnot
whicihtc anb otmha intatihnei dea anoo fp enfu turea,n dp roviadneo rientation
tot hefu turien t ermosfn ewe xpectatainodpn oss sibilities.
Notes
1A.le xidse T ocqueville, P"rAeuftathcotoe hr Te'w se lfEtdhi tioinnD, e"m coraciyl 1
Am erica,H etnrrayRn ese.vr ee,v isbeyFd nm cisB owenv,o l1.( Nwe YarkV:i tnagBeo oks,
1495)i,x.
2.T ocuqevilleD,e mcoraciynA mericvoal,2. ,3 5.
3.To cuqevil,Dl eemcorayic nA meric3a4,9 .
4.To cquveil,Dl eemcoraicylA lme ric3a4,9 .
