Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages

2689 Pages·2007·28.714 MB·English

by  Anne Commire, Deborah Klezmer

DICTIONARY OF
WOMEN WORLDWIDE:
25,000 Women through the Ages
E
DICTIONARY OF
WOMEN WORLDWIDE:
25,000 Women through the Ages
E
Volume 1
A-L
Anne Commire, Editor
Deborah Klezmer, Associate Editor
YORKIN PUBLICATIONS
DICTIONARY OF
WOMEN WORLDWIDE:
25,000 Women through the Ages
E
Volume 2
M-Z
Anne Commire, Editor
Deborah Klezmer, Associate Editor
YORKIN PUBLICATIONS
DICTIONARY OF
WOMEN WORLDWIDE:
25,000 Women through the Ages
E
Volume 3
INDICES
Anne Commire, Editor
Deborah Klezmer, Associate Editor
YORKIN PUBLICATIONS
DictionaryofWomenWorldwide:25,000WomenthroughtheAges
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Dictionaryofwomenworldwide:25,000womenthroughtheages/AnneCommire,editor;
DeborahKlezmer,associateeditor.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN0-7876-7585-7(sethardcover:alk.paper)–
ISBN0-7876-7676-4(vol1:alk.paper)–
ISBN0-7876-7677-2(vol2:alk.paper)–
ISBN1-4144-1861-2(vol3:alk.paper)
1. Women–Biography–Dictionaries.
I.Commire,Anne.II.Klezmer,Deborah.
CT3202.D532006
920.72–dc22 2006008290
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C O N T E N T S
E
Volume1
Contents ................................................v
Introduction.............................................vii
GenealogicalCharts........................................xi
MAINENTRIESA-L................................1-1176
Volume2
Contents ................................................v
Introduction.............................................vii
MAINENTRIESM-Z.............................1177-2068
Volume3
Contents ................................................v
Introduction.............................................vii
EraIndex........................................2069–2188
GeographicIndex..................................2189–2335
OccupationalIndex................................2337–2572
DictionaryofWomenWorldwide v
I N T R O D U C T I O N
E
TheideaforDictionaryofWomenWorldwide(DWW)beganwhilewe learnedwhileeditingWomeninWorldHistory.Thegenealogicalcharts
wereeditingthe17-volumesetofreferencebooksentitledWomenin weproducedforthatworkarealsoincludedinthisvolumeforreasons
World History (WIWH). While frequently turning to dictionaries for best explained in the following excerpt from the introduction of
help,wewerestartledbythepaucityofwomenincluded.Inoneoft-used WIWH. The excerpt addresses two of the most difficult challenges
biographical dictionary under 5% were women. Other biographical involved in an undertaking like Dictionary of Women Worldwide:
dictionarieshadthesameorless.Itsoonbecameclearthataslongas sortingoutandcross-referencingthemyriadnamesgiventohistorical
women’sentrieshadtocompetewitheachotherforthesmallpercentage womenandnamingthenameless.
ofpagessetasideforthemintraditionaldictionaries,thesesourceswere
Throughouttheages,fathersandsonshavebeenscrupulouslydocu-
nearlyuselesstoreaderslookingforamorebalancedviewofhistory.
mentedinhistoricalrecords;formothersanddaughters,birthanddeath
Anddidthosewomenincludedinconventionalbiographicaldiction- datesareoftenunknownandapproximated.Manyculturesdonoteven
ariesgetshortshrift?Letusapproximatetheways.Inonerecentedition, countdaughtersaschildren.Theking’sdaughterwasoftentreatedwith
AbigailAdamswasallottedaround25words,RosaBonheur,Empress thesameindifferenceasthedaughterofatavernowner.But,likecertain
Theodora,Hypatia,CharlotteCorday,Aspasia,BertheMorisot,Anna Sovietleaderswhomadeanartformofairbrushingdiscreditedcollea-
Comnena,between30and40,MaryCassatt,DorotheaDixandAnne gues from the photographic record, history has occasionally left in a
Boleyn,around50,TeresaofAvila,75,andRosaLuxemburg,80.Asfor handoranelbowbymistake.Weencounteredonehistorictomethat
themen:HalsfordMackinderwasallottedaround80words,Charles solemnly noted: ‘‘Ariadne was a 5th-century Byzantine empress and
Parry,VincasKreveandAugustKotzebue,over100,GebhardBlucher, daughter of the childless Leo I.’’ Leo had no sons. Records of Eliza
over 200, Charles I, over 400, Oliver Cromwell, over 600, and Lynch, a major figure in the cultural and political development of
Napoleon, over 900. Richard Milhous Nixon, well over 400, was a Paraguay,scrupulouslylistherchildrenwithdictatorFranciscoSolano
great deal longer than Indira Gandhi, around 100, Empress Maria Lo´pez:‘‘Jan(b.1855);Enrique(b.1858);Federico(b.1860);Carlos(b.
Theresa, around 125, Catherine II the Great, around 150, Queen 1861); Leopoldo (b. 1862); Miguel (b. 1866); and three daughters,
Victoria,around250,andElizabethI,350. namesunknown.’’
Dictionary of Women Worldwide is a single source for researching Forexpediency,historianshaveeliminatedwhattheyperceivetobethe
womenofanytimeperiodandanyfieldofendeavor.Itcananswera secondarystoryline.Whenawomanisknowntoexisthistorically,she
questionquickly,savingusersanafternoonslogontheInternet.Since hasoftenbeenthecasualtyofstreamlining.Thesecrettogoodwriting
theadventoftheWeb,conventionalwisdomwouldhaveusbelieve isbrevity.‘‘TheHolyRomanemperorOttoIarrangedamarriagefor
thatthewomeninDWWcanbefoundquicklyandeasilyincyber- hissonOttoIItoaByzantineempress’’ismuchmorereadablethan
space. Would that were true; it would certainly have made our job ‘‘Empress Adelaide of Burgundy and Holy Roman emperor Otto I
easier. To make the most of the Internet, name variations, correct arrangedamarriagefortheirsonOttoIItoTheophano,aByzantine
spellings,datesandpersonalinformationarevital.Beingmultilingual empress.’’
alsohelps.Aswell,theInternethasakindofnow-you-see-it-now-you-
Intheworld’stext,womenhavebeenrelegatedtocommonnouns(the
don’tquality.Sitesthatwerethereyesterday,loadedwithinformation,
queen,theprincess,thesisterofCharlesIV,theduchessofCarlisle)
vanish like vapor. (Remember those in-depth personal accounts of
andpossessivepronouns(‘‘andhisdaughter,’’‘‘andhismother,’’‘‘and
athletesfortheSydneyOlympics?Gonenow.)‘‘Theaveragelifespan
hiswife’’).Inmanyaccountsthatchronicletheearlyyearsofthe20th
ofaWebpagetodayis100days,’’notedBrewsterKahleoftheInternet
century, this phrase appears: ‘‘The 1914 assassination of Archduke
ArchiveinSanFranciscoin2003.Ourgoalwastoproduceaworkthat
FranzFerdinandandhiswifeleddirectlytoWorldWarI.’’(Worse,in
wouldallowtheusertoverifyfacts,answerreadyreferencequestions,
mostreportsArchduchessSophieChotek’sdeathgoesunmentioned;
andbegintoresearchawomaninlesstimethanittakestologon.
Franz Ferdinand dies alone.) Michael Collins storms the barricade
Becauseofthesubjectmatter,theentriesforDWWhadtobelonger during the Easter rising, and Michael Collins is named; Constance
thanthosefoundinastandarddictionary.Forwomen,thepersonalis MarkieviczandWinifredCarneystormthesamebarricade,andthey
indeed the political. Who the king married is not traditionally are referred to as ‘‘two women activists.’’ The often-used phrase
required;whothequeenmarriedis.InanentryforEleanorDulles, ‘‘Einsteinandhiswife’’(hehadtwo)evokesanimageofadisheveled
listing her brother is essential. In an entry for John Foster Dulles, genius and a drab, faceless woman when, in fact, Mileva Einstein-
listinghissisterisannoyinglyoptional.Namesofhusbandsarealso Mar´ıcdidthecomputationsforhistheoryofrelativity.
important;thesearenamesthatthewomenoftenwentbyinpublic
Weweredeterminednottoleaveamother,wife,duchessordaughter
and private life (e.g., Mrs. John Drew). More often than not, after
unturned. Take Ingeborg. Our morning would start simply enough;
time-consumingsleuthing,weonlyfoundadeathdateforanentrant
thenwewouldread:‘‘AfterhismarriageatAmiens,onAugust14,1193,
afteruncoveringoneorallofhermarriednames.Wealsocameacross
PhilipIIAugustus,kingofFrance,tookasuddenaversiontohis18-
numerousduplicateentriesinotherbiographicaldictionaries,women
year-old Danish bride and sought a divorce.’’ Well, there it was.
whowerelistedundertwodifferentnames,becausewithoutpersonal
Obviously, by her marriage to Philip II Augustus, the Danish bride
informationitwasimpossibletoseetheduplication.
wasaqueenofFrance,butwhowasshe?Fromonesource,welearned
Realizingtheinfluencethatsuchnamevariationshavehadinfractur- thatshewasongoodtermswiththeensuingFrenchkings;fromanother,
ing women’s historical identities was one of the greatest lessons we thatshelivedpeacefully,gainingareputationforkindness.Fromathird,
DictionaryofWomenWorldwide vii
INTRODUCTION
thatshediedhighlyesteemedbut,asintheprevioussources,nameless, however,weregivenonlyonename,thefeminineformofthefamily
eitherin1237or1238.Withinanhour,wehadhername:Ingeborg.By name.ThatiswhythedaughtersofJuliusCaesarandhissisterareall
mid-morning,welearnedthatIngeborgwasthedaughterof Waldemar namedJulia.OnlyJulia.HistorianshavetakentoqualifierslikeJulia
ItheGreat,kingofDenmark.Nomothermentioned.Nowwehada MinorandJuliaMajor,butithasnotsolvedtheproblem.Fiveofthe
namelessDanishqueen,andabarelynamedFrenchone. Julias can be found in Women in World History [and Dictionary of
WomenWorldwide],aswellasalleightCleopatras(CleopatraVIIisthe
TogivecompleteandaccurateinformationonIngeborg,weneededher
famous one), five Arsinoes, seven sisters Bonaparte, seven Beatrice
mother, but while pouring through Palle Lauring’s A History of
d’Estes, numerous Euphrosynes, Eurydices, Eudocias, Theopanos,
Denmark,wereadinpassingthatPhilipAugustus‘‘hadthreatenedto
Theodoras,Zoes,Faustinas,andFlavias,manySforzasandViscontis,
castoffhisfirstwife.’’Anotherballintheair.Nowwehadanameless
andall35womennamedMedici.
Danishqueen,onebarelynameddaughter,andanunnamedfirstwife.
Bynoon,wehaduncoveredIsabella,firstwifeofPhilipanddaughterof Eventually,wepickedupspeed.Withthematerialwehadaccumu-
BaldwinV,countofHainault.Nomothermentioned.Unfortunately, lated,wecouldbegintoanswerourownquestionsmorereadilyand
wehadalsouncoveredathirdwife,knownonlyasthemotherofPhilip findthewomenmorequickly.Outofnecessity,wewereusingWomen
Hurepel.Nowwehadtheaforementionedtwosome,anewlynamed in World History as a primary reference source, long before it was
firstwife,andanunknownthird.Bymid-afternoon,wegleanedthatthe completed.
motherofPhilipHurepelwasnamedAgnes;shewasalsothemotherof Wewerealsousingourcharts.Womenarerarelyincludedonexisting
the nonessential Marie. By late afternoon, we had a headache. The genealogies.AChinesejournalistrecalledbeinghandedacopyofher
resultsofourday’sexplorationcanbefoundunderthenamesAgnes familytreewhichstretchedback3,000years.‘‘Notonewomanwas
ofMeran(d.1201),Ingeborg(c.1176-1237/38),IsabellaofHainault includedonthetree,’’shenoted,‘‘notamother,asister,adaughter,a
(1170-1190),andMarieofFrance(1198-c.1223).Asfaraswewere wife.’’Forexpediency,womenhavebeenleftoffchartswhich,while
able to ascertain, Ingeborg’s mother was either Sophie of Russia or followingthemaleline,aredifficultenoughtoreadwithoutaddinga
RichezzaofPoland.Nooneknowsforsure.Thesewerenotidlechases. cadre of women. When women do appear because of their regal
Often the woman off-handedly referred to as the ‘‘queen-regent’’ or status,usuallyonlytheirsonsarenotedontheancestrallinebelow.
‘‘queen mother’’ turned out to be someone of major import, like Inonecase,asonwasincludedwhohaddiedatagesix,whilehis
Catherine de Medici or Eleanor of Aquitaine. A towering stack of surviving sister,who hadbecome queenofa neighboring country,
bookswouldeventuallystraightenouttheseproblems,butthequantity wasmissing.
neededwillnotbefoundinasmalllibrarycollection.
Determined to come up with an easy-to-use cast list, we set about
Themajorityofthetime,whenwedidfindthewomanforwhomwe givingonenametoeachwomanontheworldstageasshemadeher
werelooking,shedidn’thaveonename;shehadfiveorsix.Unlikemost entrances and exits throughout the series. In order to do this, we
menwhosevariousnameshavebeensifteddownovertimetooneor neededtomakeourowncharts,settleonanameforthesubject,and
two,HolyRomanEmpressAgnesofPoitoustrollsthroughthehistory add dates if known. Without identifying dates, five Margarets of
booksasAgnesofAquitaine,AgnesofGuienne,AgnesofBavaria,or Austriaalllookalike.Thoughtwasgiventoimposingarationalsystem
Agnes of Germany. The dowager empress of China, in her various on the names, but problems outweighed the advantages. One com-
transliterations, is known as Cixi or Tz’u-hsi, Tse-Hi, Tsu-Hsi, Tze monlyuseddatabasemadeastabatitbychangingallCatherinesto
Hsi, Tzu Hsi, Tsze Hsi An, Yehonala, Xiaoqin Xian Huanghou, Xi Katherine.Thus,theyhadKatherinetheGreat.Wheneverpossible,we
Taihou,NalaTaihou,LaoFuoye,orImperialConcubineYi.Running havetriedtousethenamebywhichthesubjecthasbeenmostclearly
down these names easily added years to the project, but we had no identifiedinhistoricalcontexts.Insodoing,theinconsistenciesarise.
choice.Otherwise,thesamewomanwouldbescatteredthroughoutour ASpanishhistorianmightcallaqueenIsabella;anEnglishhistorian
series as Yolande of Brienne on page 29, Jolanta on page 403, and mightcallthesamequeenElizabeth;aFrenchandGermanhistorian,
IsabellaIIofJerusalemonpage1602. Elisabeth;aRussianhistorian,Elizaveta.
Name changes that accompany marriage added to the difficulty. Ifthewomenweredifficultforustolocatewithoutknowingtheexact
Women from outside Russia took on Russian names when they name used, we knew the task would be even more difficult for our
marriedtsars;oneminutethey’reSophiaAugustaFrederika,princess readers. For this reason, we offer many avenues to find the women
ofAnhalt-Zerbst,thenextminutethey’reCatherineIItheGreat.East sought:bythecharts,byindexing,bycross-referencingofcollective
Germany’s Christa Rothenburger won the Olympic gold medal in namevariants(Rejcka.VariantofRyksa.),bycross-referencingofname
speedskating in1984.In1992,shewonthesilvermedalasChrista variations within the entries (Gonzaga, Eleanor [1534-1594]. See
Luding.Insomebooks,AliceGuyBlachecanbefoundunderB;in Eleanora of Austria.), and by cross-referencing of titles (Pembroke,
others,AliceGuy-BlacheisfoundunderG.Thenthere’sthelongtime countessof.SeeCliffordAnne[1590-1676].).
bugbear:Mrs.JohnD.Rockefeller.Whichone?Mrs.JohnD.the1st,
Webegantorelysoheavilyonourgenealogicalcharts—all85ofthem—
the3rd, or junior? So often, the dreaded, ‘‘the philanthropist,Mrs.
thatwedecidedtoputtheminthefrontofVolumeI[inbothWIWH
Reid,’’ stopped us cold. Is that Mrs. Ogden Mills Reid or Mrs.
and DWW], alphabetized by country. If a woman is bolded on the
WhitelawReid?
chart,sheappearsinherownentryunderthenamegiven.Sometimes
We werenotalone inour exasperation.‘‘Howare youlistingEtta hersketchwilljustbepersonaldata,butasRutger’sKayVandergrift
Palm?,’’queriedoneofourFrenchhistoriansaboutanassignment: notes: ‘‘The first step for those who are the ‘others’ in traditional
‘‘AsPalm,EttaAelders?PalmAelders,Etta?orPalmd’Aelders,Etta? historyistoprovetheirveryexistence.’’
MybestsourcescallherEttaPalmd’Aelders,butI’llputherunder
Weenvisionedaseriesheavilyfocusedoninternationalwomen,many
Palmbecauseshe’smorewidelyknowntoEnglishaudiencesasEtta
of whom were enormously important, even revered in their own
Palm.Whew!You’dthinktherewouldbemoreuniformityinthese
countries, though seldom known in the United States. Most books
matters.’’
in the U.S. cover only American women; by so doing, they isolate
ResearchingthelivesofRomanwomeninRepublicantimeswasalso women’s accomplishments to the last 200 years and neglect about
daunting.FreeRomanmenhadthreeorfournames:thepraenomen 3,000yearsofwomen’shistory.Aninternationalemphasis,however,
orgivenname,thenomenorfamilyname,andsometimesthecogno- didnotproveeasy.Sincemuchoftheinformationandmanyofthe
menordistinguishingname:thus,GaiusJuliusCaesar.Thewomen, primary sources we needed for our research were not available in
viii DictionaryofWomenWorldwide
INTRODUCTION
English,weaskedprofessorstoundertaketranslations.Morethan300 beenignoredhistorically,therecordisrepletewithinaccuracieswhich
contributors,fromover20nations,participatedintheWIWHproject havebeengivenwidespreadcirculation.Thus,therewillbeerrorsin
[andtheircontributionsarereflectedinDWW]. thesevolumes.Wewelcomesuggestionsandcorrections.
Readers will inevitably find omissions and inequities in length. We
invitesuggestionsforinclusionineveryareafromourreaders.Wehave AnneCommire
alsospentyearscheckingourfacts.Nonetheless,becausewomenhave DeborahKlezmer
DictionaryofWomenWorldwide ix