Designing Bipolar Transistor Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (Artech House Microwave Library)

331 Pages·2008·12.6 MB·English

by  Allen A. Sweet

Designing Bipolar Transistor Radio
Frequency Integrated Circuits
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Microwave Library, turn to the back of this book.
Designing Bipolar Transistor Radio
Frequency Integrated Circuits
Allen A. Sweet
ar techhouse . com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-128-2
ISBN 10: 1-59693-128-0
Cover design by Igor Valdman
© 2008 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
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Norwood, MA 02062
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
10
1. Speed of light in a vacuum: c=3x10 cm/s
–14
2. Permittivity of a vacuum: ε =8.89x10 F/cm
0
3. Permeability of a vacuum: µ =1260 nH/meter
0
–34
4. Planck’s constant: h=6.63x10 J-seconds
–23
5. Boltzmann’s constant: k=1.38x10 J/degrees Kelvin
–19
6. Charge of an electron: q=1.6x10 C
–31
7. Rest mass of an electron: m =9.11x10 Kg
e
8. Thermal voltage: VT=kT/q=0.0259 volts at T=300 degrees Kelvin
9. Bandgap energy of Silicon= 1.12 eV
10. Bandgap energy of GaAs = 1.42 eV
11. Dielectric constant of Silicon: 11.7
12. Dielectric constant of GaAs: 12.5
IMPORTANT UNIT CONVERSIONS
–8
1. Angstrom (Å): 1Å=1x10 cm
–7
2. Nanometer (nm): 1 nm =1x10 cm
–4
3. Micron (µm): 1 µm=1x10 cm
–19
4. Electron-Volt (eV): 1 eV=1.6x10 J
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
References 11
CHAPTER 2
Applications 13
2.1 Cellular/PCS Handsets 13
2.2 Cellular/PCS Infrastructure 15
2.3 WLANs 16
2.4 Bluetooth 17
2.5 UWB 18
2.6 WiMax 19
2.7 Digital TV and Set-Top Boxes 20
2.8 Cognitive Radio 20
2.9 Spectrum Allocation in the United States (All Frequencies
2.9 in Megahertz) 21
2.10 Physical Layer Standards 22
References 24
CHAPTER 3
RFIC Architectures 25
3.1 I/Q Receivers 25
3.2 I/Q Modulators 30
3.3 Nonzero IF Receivers 32
3.4 Zero IF Receivers 37
3.5 Differential versus Single-Ended Topologies 41
References 41
CHAPTER 4
InGaP/GaAs HBT Fabrication Technology 43
4.1 Transistor Structures 43
4.2 Device Models 45
4.3 Passive Structures, Their Electrical Models, and Layout Design Rules 48
4.3.1 Microstrip Lines 53
4.3.2 TFR Resistors 55
vii
viii Contents
4.3.3 M1-to-M2 Vias 57
4.3.4 MIM Capacitors 57
4.3.5 Substrate Vias 58
4.3.6 Bonding Pads 60
4.3.7 Crossover Capacitances 61
4.3.8 Spiral Inductors 62
4.3.9 Transistor Dummy Cells 64
4.3.10 Significant Layout Parasitic Elements 65
4.3.11 Simple Layout Example 65
4.4 Maximum Electrical Ratings 67
4.5 CAD Layout Tools 70
References 70
CHAPTER 5
SiGe HBT Fabrication Technology 71
5.1 SiGe HBT Transistor Structures 71
5.2 Transistor Device Models 79
5.3 Passive Device Structures and Models 81
5.4 Design Rules 86
5.5 CAD Layout 86
References 87
CHAPTER 6
Passive Circuit Design 89
6.1 Low-Pass Filters 89
6.2 High-Pass Filters 93
6.3 Band-Pass Filters 93
6.4 Differential Filters 95
6.5 Technology and Substrates 99
6.6 Splitters/Dividers 99
6.7 Phase Shifters and Baluns 102
References 104
CHAPTER 7
Amplifier Design Basics 105
7.1 Matching Techniques 105
7.2 Gain Compensation 106
7.3 Fano’s Limit 106
7.4 Stability 107
7.5 Noise Match 109
7.6 Differential Amplifiers 109
7.7 Cascode Amplifiers 111
References 113
CHAPTER 8
Low-Noise Amplifier Design 115
8.1 Noise Figure Concepts 115
Contents ix
8.2 Noise Temperature 116
8.3 Front-end Attenuation and LNAs 117
8.4 Multistage Noise Figure Contributions 117
8.5 Circuit Topologies for Low Noise 118
8.6 Design Example 1: Single-Ended PCS LNA 126
8.7 Design Example 2: Three-Transistor Hybrid Darlington
8.7 Differential LNA Using SiGe Technology 127
References 132
CHAPTER 9
Power Amplifier Design 133
9.1 Loadline Concepts 134
9.2 Maximum Power and Efficiency 136
9.3 Class AB Power Amplifiers 139
9.4 Definitions of Nonlinear Performance Metrics 141
9.5 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio 145
9.6 Error Vector Magnitude 146
9.7 Circuit Topologies for PAs 147
9.8 Matching Circuit Options 149
9.9 Stability 150
9.10 Bias Circuits 150
9.11 Design Example 3: Wideband Gain Block Darlington Amplifier 154
9.12 Design Example 4: Feedback Power Amplifier Design 164
References 171
CHAPTER 10
Designing Multistage Amplifiers 173
10.1 Multistage LNAs 173
10.2 Multistage Power Amplifiers 175
10.3 Gain and Power Allocations 177
10.4 Active Device Sizing 177
10.5 Design Example 5: A Differential PCS PA 181
References 194
CHAPTER 11
Mixer/Modulator Design 195
11.1 Mixer Basics 195
11.2 Diode Mixers 197
11.3 Single-Balanced Active Multiplying Mixers 200
11.4 Fully Balanced Active Multiplying Mixers (Gilbert cell) 205
11.5 I/Q Mixers 217
11.6 I/Q Modulators 219
11.7 Design Example 6: Cellular/PCS Downconverting Mixer RFIC 221
References 230
CHAPTER 12
Frequency Multiplier Design 231