Table Of Content<DOCINFOAUTHOR""TITLE"Dependent-HeadSynthesisinNivkh:Acontributiontoatypologyofpolysynthesis"SUBJECT"TypologicalStudiesinLanguage,Volume57"KEYWORDS""SIZEHEIGHT"220"WIDTH"150"VOFFSET"4">
Dependent-HeadSynthesisinNivkh
Typological Studies in Language (TSL)
AcompanionseriestothejournalStudiesinLanguage
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Volume57
Dependent-HeadSynthesisinNivkh:Acontributiontoatypologyof
polysynthesis
byJohannaMattissen
Dependent-Head Synthesis
in Nivkh
A contribution to a typology of polysynthesis
Johanna Mattissen
UniversityofKöln(Cologne)
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia
TM Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirements
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ofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Mattissen,Johanna
Dependent-HeadsynthesisinNivkh:acontributiontoatypologyof
polysynthesis/ JohannaMattissen.
p. cm.(TypologicalStudiesinLanguage,issn0167–7373;v.57)
Originallypresentedastheauthorsdoctoralthesis(Cologne)2001
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Gilyaklanguage--Grammar.2.Typology(Linguistics)I.Title.II.
Series.
PM15.M38 2003
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isbn9027229651(Eur.)/1588114767(US)(Hb;alk.paper)
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CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The aim of this study 1
1.2 The Nivkh 2
1.3 Characteristics of the Nivkh language 4
1.3.1 Nouns 7
1.3.2 Pronouns 12
1.3.3 Quantifiers 15
1.3.4 Verbs 16
1.3.5 Landmark roots 26
1.3.6 Word formation 27
1.3.7 Syntax 30
Chapter 2: NIVKH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOPHONEMICS 35
2.1 Nivkh phoneme inventory 35
2.2 Fricative devoicing 40
2.3 Final nasal loss 41
2.4 Initial consonant alternation 44
2.4.1 Alternation in the different complex types 46
2.4.2 Initial consonant alternation after determiner prefixes 53
2.5 The morphophonemics of personal prefixes 55
2.5.1 Allomorphy of personal prefixes 55
2.5.2 Alternation of the initial sounds of prefixed nouns and verbs 58
2.6 Functionality of consonant alternations in syntax 62
Chapter 3: HEAD-DEPENDENT SYNTHESIS AND WORDHOOD IN NIVKH 65
3.1 The old dispute 65
3.2 The phonological word in Nivkh 70
3.2.1 Syllables, medial plosives and final fricatives in Nivkh 72
3.2.2 Clusters 76
3.3 Morphophonemics 78
3.3.1 Diachronic perspective on morphophonemics 82
3.3.2 Complexes and compounds 83
3.4 Stress placement 85
3.5 Nivkh morphophonemic alternations as sandhi 92
3.6 Consonant alternations outside Nivkh 98
vi DEPENDENT-HEAD SYNTHESIS IN NIVKH
3.7 A preliminary conclusion 102
3.8 The morphological word in Nivkh 102
3.8.1 Evidence from the internal organization 106
3.8.2 The diachronic perspective 111
3.8.3 The complex in the clause 113
3.9 Psychological reality 119
3.10 Conclusion 120
Chapter 4: THE NIVKH NOUN PLUS VERB COMPLEX 122
4.1 Transitivity and verb classes in Nivkh 122
4.1.1 Nasal and lateral-initial verbs 123
4.1.2 Vowel-initial verbs 124
4.1.3 /h/-initial verbs 124
4.1.4 Single obstruent-initial verbs 125
4.1.5 Cluster-initial verbs 126
4.1.6 Ablauting verbs 129
4.2 Valency 133
4.2.1 Non-transitive verbs 133
4.2.2 Transitive verbs 137
4.2.2.1 Monotransitive verbs 137
4.2.2.2 Ditransitive verbs 140
4.3 Noteworthy properties of synthesizing nouns 147
4.4 Non-synthesization of undergoer and verb 154
4.4.1 Word order permutation 155
4.4.2 Reciprocal formation 159
4.4.3 Resultative formation 160
4.4.4 Demotion 164
4.5 Conclusion 167
Chapter 5: IS THERE NOUN INCORPORATION IN NIVKH? 169
5.1 Parallels of dependent-head synthesis in Nivkh
to noun incorporation 171
5.2 The syntactic and pragmatic status of noun-verb
complexes in Nivkh 173
5.3 Traits incompatible with incorporation theory 178
5.4 Conclusion 181
Chapter 6: THE NIVKH VERB PLUS VERB COMPLEX 182
6.1 Verb root serialization in Nivkh 185
6.2 Ad hoc verb root serial formations 188
6.3 Lexicalized verb root serialization 193
6.4 The modal verb construction 194
6.5 Summary 200
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 7: IS NIVKH A POLYSYNTHETIC LANGUAGE? 202
7.1 Participant reflex on the verb: polypersonalism and incorporation 203
7.2 Modality, adverbial and locational elements 206
7.3 Complexity of the verb form 209
7.4 Role of morphology 213
7.5 Conclusion 218
Chapter 8 : THE NIVKH NOMINAL COMPLEX 220
8.1 Synthesizing possessor 224
8.2 Synthesizing nominal attribute 226
8.3 Inflection of possessor and attributive nouns 228
8.4 Synthesizing verbal attribute 229
8.5 Nominal complement clauses 238
8.6 Elaborated noun complexes 239
8.7 The noun complex in the clause 243
8.8 Paraphrasability and limitations of the noun complex 246
8.9 Conclusion 247
Chapter 9: COMPLEX NOUN FORMS IN THE WORLD'S LANGUAGES 249
9.1 Noun complexity due to non-root bound morphemes 249
9.2 Noun complexity due to root concatenation 254
9.2.1 Chukchi and Ainu 255
9.2.2 Sanskrit 259
9.2.3 Less well-described root concatenating nouns 261
9.2.4 Root concatenation in nouns underlying lexical restrictions 265
9.3 Inflection and derivation internal to a noun complex 268
9.4 Implications for a typology of poly synthesis 269
Chapter 10: TYPOLOGICAL OUTLOOK 273
10.1 The structure of Nivkh 273
10.2 Basic structural types of polysynthesis
- an attempt at a classification 276
10.2.1 Affixal and compositional polysynthesis 381
10.2.2 Templatic and scope-ordered organization 386
10.3 A wider view of polysynthesis 388
APPENDIX 290
REFERENCES 298
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NIVKH 315
INDEX 341
ABBREVIATIONS
word boundary ENU enumerative
A Amur dialect EQU equative
ABL ablative ERG ergative
ABS absolutive ES East Sakhalin dialect
Ac actor EVID evidential
ACC accusative excl exclusive
ACV anterior converb EXH exhaustive focus
ADJ adjective EXP experiential
ADV adverb marker EXPL expletive
AHON addressee honorification f feminine
ALL allative FAC factitive
ANC anterior non-projective CV FUT future
AOR aorist GEN genitive
AP antipassive HAB habitual
APPL applicative HILI highlighting focus
ART article HOR.P hortative plural
ASC(.s) correlative-associative (sg) IMMED immediate
ASS assertive IMP(.s) imperative (singular)
AUG augmentative IMPF imperfective
BEN benefactive incl inclusive
C consonant INCMPL incomplete
CLF classifier IND indicative
CND conditional INDEF indefinite marker
COLL collective INF infinitive
COM comitative INS instrumental
COMP standard of comparison INSNML instrumental nominalization
CONT continuative INT intentional
COP copula INTR interrogative
CPL completive IP intransitive participle
CST causative IQY inquiry focus
CV converb IRR irreal apodosis
d dual ITER iterative
DEP:TRANS dependent:transitive LOC locative
DES desiderative LOCNML local nominalization
DET determiner m masculine
DETV determinative n neuter
DIM diminutive N noun
DIR directional NAR narrative
DU dual NEG negation
DUR durative NML nominalization
ELA elative NOM nominative
EMPH emphatic NP noun phrase
ABBREVIATIONS ix
NPST non-past REFL reflexive
NS North Sakhalin dialect REL relative
0 object REMPST remote past
OBJ objective RES resultative
OJ Old Japanese s singular
P plural S subject
PART partitive S/A single participant / actor
PASS passive SBJ subjunctive
PERM permanent property (-la) SCON Stative continuative
PL plural SEQ sequential marker
P'OR possessor SG singular
POSS possessive SING singulative
POT potential SS South Sakhalin dialect
PRF perfect SUP supine
PRL perlative SUPP suppositive
PRM permissive TAM tense, aspect, mood
PROG progressive TERM terminative
PROH prohibitive TNS tense
PRS present TR transitivizer
PST past U undergoer
PTCL participle V verb; vowel
Q question marker VBL verbalizer
QUO quotative VERT vertical
REAL realis VOC vocative
RECI reciprocal VP verb phrase
RED reduplication XCL exclamative
