department of defense authorization for appropriations for fiscal year 2013 and the future years ...

222 Pages·2012·1.98 MB·English

S. HRG. 112–590, PT. 5
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION FOR
APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013 AND
THE FUTURE YEARS DEFENSE PROGRAM
HEARINGS
BEFORETHE
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
S. 3254
TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013 FOR MILITARY
ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, FOR MILITARY CON-
STRUCTION, AND FOR DEFENSE ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENERGY, TO PRESCRIBE MILITARY PERSONNEL STRENGTHS FOR
SUCH FISCAL YEAR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
PART 5
EMERGING THREATS AND CAPABILITIES
MARCH 20, 27; APRIL 17; JUNE 12, 2012
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Printed for the use of the Committee on Armed Services
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S. HRG. 112–590 PT. 5
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION FOR
APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013 AND
THE FUTURE YEARS DEFENSE PROGRAM
HEARINGS
BEFORETHE
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
S. 3254
TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2013 FOR MILITARY
ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, FOR MILITARY CON-
STRUCTION, AND FOR DEFENSE ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENERGY, TO PRESCRIBE MILITARY PERSONNEL STRENGTHS FOR
SUCH FISCAL YEAR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
PART 5
EMERGING THREATS AND CAPABILITIES
MARCH 20, 27; APRIL 17; JUNE 12, 2012
Printed for the use of the Committee on Armed Services
(
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COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
CARL LEVIN, Michigan, Chairman
JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, Connecticut JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona
JACK REED, Rhode Island JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma
DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama
E. BENJAMIN NELSON, Nebraska SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia
JIM WEBB, Virginia ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi
CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri SCOTT P. BROWN, Massachusetts
MARK UDALL, Colorado ROB PORTMAN, Ohio
KAY R. HAGAN, North Carolina KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire
MARK BEGICH, Alaska SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine
JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina
JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JOHN CORNYN, Texas
KIRSTEN E. GILLIBRAND, New York DAVID VITTER, Louisiana
RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut
RICHARD D. DEBOBES, Staff Director
ANN E. SAUER, Minority Staff Director
SUBCOMMITTEE ON READINESS AND MANAGEMENT SUPPORT
KAY R. HAGAN, North Carolina, Chairman
JACK REED, Rhode Island ROB PORTMAN, Ohio
MARK UDALL, Colorado SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia
JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia SCOTT P. BROWN, Massachusetts
JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina
KIRSTEN E. GILLIBRAND, New York JOHN CORNYN, Texas
(II)
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C O N T E N T S
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WITNESSES
CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MARCH 20, 2012
Page
Lemnios, Hon. Zachary J., Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and
Engineering, Department of Defense ................................................................. 4
Gabriel, Kaigham J., PhD, Acting Director, Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency, Department of Defense ........................................................... 10
Wertheimer, Michael A. PhD, Director, Research and Development, National
Security Agency .................................................................................................... 13
Peery, James S. PhD, Director, Information Systems Analysis Center, Sandia
National Laboratories .......................................................................................... 14
THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE’S ROLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL
STRATEGY FOR COUNTERTERRORISM AND THE NATIONAL STRATEGY TO COMBAT
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
MARCH 27, 2012
Sheehan, Hon. Michael H., Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Oper-
ations/Low-Intensity Conflict .............................................................................. 50
Reid, Garry, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations
and Combating Terrorism ................................................................................... 55
Wechsler, William F., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counter-
narcotics and Global Threats .............................................................................. 56
HEALTH AND STATUS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORIES AND ENTERPRISE
APRIL 17, 2012
Lemnios, Hon. Zachary J., Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and
Engineering .......................................................................................................... 91
Freeman, Dr. Marilyn M., Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Re-
search and Technology ......................................................................................... 99
Lacey, Mary E., Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Devel-
opment, Test, and Evaluation ............................................................................. 112
Walker, Dr. Steven H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for
Science, Technology, and Engineering ............................................................... 120
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IV
Page
PROLIFERATION PREVENTION PROGRAMS AT THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND AT
THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
JUNE 12, 2012
Creedon, Hon. Madelyn R., Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Stra-
tegic Affairs, Department of Defense ................................................................. 164
Harrington, Anne, Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonprolifera-
tion, National Nuclear Security Administration, Department of Energy ....... 171
Myers, Kenneth A., III, Director, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Depart-
ment of Defense; and Director, U.S. Strategic Command Center for Com-
bating Weapons of Mass Destruction ................................................................. 173
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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION
FOR APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR
2013 AND THE FUTURE YEARS DEFENSE
PROGRAM
TUESDAY, MARCH 20, 2012
U.S. SENATE,
SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGING
THREATS AND CAPABILITIES,
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES,
Washington, DC.
CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 3:04 p.m. in room
SR–232A, Russell Senate Office Building, Senator Kay R. Hagan
(chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.
Committee members present: Senators Hagan and Portman.
Majority staff members present: Richard W. Fieldhouse, profes-
sional staff member; Thomas K. McConnell, professional staff mem-
ber; and Robie I. Samanta Roy, professional staff member.
Minority staff members present: John W. Heath, Jr., minority in-
vestigative counsel; Daniel A. Lerner, professional staff member;
and Michael J. Sistak, research assistant.
Staff assistants present: Kathleen A. Kulenkampff, Hannah I.
Lloyd, and Bradley S. Watson.
Committee members’ assistant present: Brent Bombach, assist-
ant to Senator Portman.
OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR KAY R. HAGAN,
CHAIRMAN
Senator HAGAN. We’re going to go ahead and open this hearing
up. I know that Senator Portman is definitely coming, but is tied
up, so I think we’ll go ahead and start because I think you also
know that we have some votes occurring this afternoon, and what
I’d like to do is go ahead and get started.
This afternoon, the Emerging Threats and Capabilities Sub-
committee meets to review testimony on cybersecurity research and
development (R&D), in review of the Defense Authorization Re-
quest for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years Defense Program
(FYDP). The topic of cybersecurity has been the subject of growing
concern and has figured prominently, not only in the newest stra-
tegic defense guidance released in January of this year, but also in
previous national security and defense planning documents.
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The 2010 national security strategy states that: ‘‘Cybersecurity
threats represent one of the most serious national security, public
safety, and economic challenges we face as a Nation.’’ The recent
strategic defense guidance lists as one of the primary missions of
the U.S. Armed Forces the need to operate effectively in
cybersecurity and space, which will require investments by the De-
partment of Defense (DOD) in advanced capabilities to defend its
networks, operational capability, and resilience in cybersecurity.
The challenge DOD faces is to find resources to address this
growing threat in an era where there are increasing budgetary
pressures on investments in the future. To its credit, cyber is one
of the few areas in which DOD actually increased its investments
in the fiscal year 2013 budget request.
The objective of this hearing is to gain a better understanding of
DOD’s cybersecurity R&D activities and how these activities sup-
port DOD’s cybersecurity objectives. We would like to better under-
stand the research challenges facing the cybersecurity R&D com-
munity, the diversity of approaches to solving these challenges and
gaps if they exist. We would like to understand the interactions be-
tween DOD with other Federal agencies, such as the Department
of Energy’s (DOE) national laboratories, industry, and academia.
We welcome the subcommittee ranking member, Senator
Portman.
The focus today will be on gaining a better understanding of
mechanisms to rapidly develop, test, and field innovative ap-
proaches to address the expanding threat spectrum and whether
appropriate coordination is present across all the various cyber re-
search communities. In addition, we would like to address the sta-
tus of DOD’s cyber testing infrastructure as well as the health and
status of its cyber workforce and DOD’s ability to attract and re-
tain the best and the brightest in the field.
This hearing is planned to have both open and closed sessions.
We’re pleased to have four expert witnesses to help us understand
these complex issues. Mr. Zachary J. Lemnios is the Assistant Sec-
retary of Defense for Research and Engineering, and in this posi-
tion he is DOD’s Chief Technology Officer and oversees and coordi-
nates DOD’s broad cyber research portfolio across the Services and
DARPA. In addition, Mr. Lemnios oversees DOD’s efforts in
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) edu-
cation efforts, of which cyber is an important element. The sub-
committee looks forward to hearing about DOD’s overarching strat-
egies, plans, and programs in cybersecurity R&D.
Dr. Kaigham J. Gabriel is the Acting Director of the Defense Ad-
vanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Created in the wake of
the surprise launch of the world’s first satellite by the Soviets in
1957, DARPA was created to prevent technological surprise to our
Nation. DARPA is investing heavily in cyber-related research, with
roughly $500 million requested over the FYDP, and has developed
some innovative approaches to addressing emerging cybersecurity
threats.
I should point out that our original hearing notice listed Dr. Re-
gina E. Dugan as the witness for DARPA. However, she is leaving
DARPA for the private sector, and I would like to acknowledge Dr.
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Dugan’s contributions to DARPA and sincerely thank her for her
service to our country.
Dr. Michael A. Wertheimer is the Director of Research and De-
velopment at the National Security Agency (NSA). The Director of
NSA is also the Commander of the U.S. Cyber Command
(CYBERCOM), so NSA is an indispensable partner in cybersecurity
efforts. The subcommittee looks forward to hearing about the re-
search activities at NSA and how they support DOD’s cybersecurity
objectives.
Dr. James S. Peery is the Director of the Information Systems
Analysis Center at Sandia National Laboratories, a DOE national
laboratory at Albuquerque, NM, and a source of expertise on
cybersecurity. We look forward to hearing how Sandia’s activities
are benefiting DOD.
I really want to thank all of our witnesses for your service in the
cause of our national security, and we look forward to your testi-
mony. In order for us to have adequate time to discuss a broad
range of topics, I do ask that our witnesses keep their opening re-
marks to no more than 5 minutes each. But we will include your
full written statements in the hearing record.
For the information of the members and our witnesses, I do want
to indicate how we plan to proceed in light of the series of roll call
votes scheduled at 4 o’clock today. We’ll conduct the open portion
of the hearing until we have to vote, and then we’ll reconvene in
room SVC–217 of the Capitol Visitor Center for the closed portion
of the hearing after we finish voting. I think there’s a series of
three votes.
Before we hear from our first panel, I’d like to turn to my col-
league and ranking member, Senator Portman, for his opening re-
marks. Senator Portman.
STATEMENT OF SENATOR ROB PORTMAN
Senator PORTMAN. Thank you, Madam Chairman. I appreciate
your holding the hearing and look forward to the testimony from
these well-informed and sophisticated witnesses, who can help us
in a very important task.
But before I do that, I must mention that this Friday the Bobcats
of Ohio University are playing the Tar Heels, and I would like in
public hearing——[Laughter.]
Senator HAGAN. Then we play NC State. [Laughter.]
Senator PORTMAN. We’ll see, injuries aside. But anyway, since we
beat number four seed Michigan, UNC shouldn’t be a problem for
the Bobcats. So we’ll make a bet later, maybe chocolate Buckeyes
and North Carolina barbecue sauce.
This is a great opportunity for us to hear from you. Again, I look
forward to doing it. This is the topic of the day. When you look at
our budgets, you can see it. In a very tough budget environment,
we see significant increases at DOD for cyber defenses, a $200 mil-
lion increase from last year; Department of Homeland Security
(DHS), $310 million increase from 2012. So, coupling these figures
with the billions of dollars likely to be invested by the public or by
the private side, private sector, universities and others, it’s evident
that we have a serious concern here and it’s now being acknowl-
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edged, and that we view ourselves as being vulnerable to cyber at-
tacks.
These increases in spending do come at a time when we are look-
ing at decreases in I guess what you would call our physical de-
fenses. One of the purposes of this hearing I believe is to be sure
that we are balancing those two. We can’t ignore the threats posed
to the technological infrastructure by terrorist groups and other ad-
versaries, like rogue hackers, but we also can’t win the battle in
cyber alone. We have to have both, and as we’re downsizing our
military are we becoming too reliant on cyber defense, is one ques-
tion I would like to have us discuss today.
I think the answer, of course, is that our cyber capabilities
should be complementing our kinetic forces and resources and mak-
ing sure that we’re working together.
With the kind of increase in funding we’re talking about here, of
course, there’s also the potential for some wasteful spending and
duplication. So knowing better what the private sector is doing,
universities are doing, is important too, and you have some great
information there, I’m sure.
I’ve heard from some of you about your concern about the work-
force and particularly with more and more young people not getting
into subjects like computer science, which are critical to cyber capa-
bilities. We have to talk about how we can be sure that we have
a workforce that’s capable of defending America in these new ways.
The STEM disciplines are something we all talk about. How do we
actually make that a reality and what are your recommendations
there?
Then, as Chairman Hagan has pointed out, we have to be sure
we’re properly coordinating across the Federal Government, be-
cause again we have these new resources. Like all science and
technology (S&T) programs we invest in, we have to be sure we’re
eliminating duplication and having a synergistic relationship be-
tween various agencies and departments. Again, you’ll be very
helpful to us understanding how we do that.
This is just one more challenge we have as a country, isn’t it?
We have to be sure that we’re spending our limited tax dollars in
a difficult budget environment in the most prudent way possible.
So this is a great witness panel—defense, intelligence, energy
agencies—and we look forward to a frank assessment in both ses-
sions today and a good sense of where you think our defenses are
today and where we’re going tomorrow.
So thank you, Madam Chair. I look forward to the testimony.
Senator HAGAN. Thank you, Senator Portman.
Secretary Lemnios, if you would like to begin.
STATEMENT OF HON. ZACHARY J. LEMNIOS, ASSISTANT SEC-
RETARY OF DEFENSE FOR RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING,
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Mr. LEMNIOS. Yes. Good afternoon, Chairwoman Hagan, Ranking
Member Portman. I have a short statement that I’d like to read
and just leave my written testimony for the record.
Last year, DOD issued its strategic guidance and strategy for op-
erating in cyberspace that defined cyberspace as an operational do-
main. It was a landmark point, and it defined the critical element
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