Dental lamina No. 2 final.cdr

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VOL 4 NO. 2, DECEMBER. 2016

VOL 4 NO. 2 DECEMBER 2016
Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
Having healthy teeth is more important than we would normally think and good diet is a key
contributor in this. As per a study, people with 25 or more teeth tend to eat more nutritiously.
Diet is commonly associated to increase in weight, cholesterol or sugar levels in the body.
However, what we eat also affects the teeth and gums. Too many and/ or frequent intake of
cold drinks, sweetened fruit drinks, snacks etc. put our teeth at the risk of decay.
A poor diet can lead to gum disease and tooth decay. Foods high in carbohydrates, sugars and
starches greatly contribute to the production of plaque acids that attack the tooth enamel.
Eventually these acids can cause tooth enamel to break down, forming a cavity.
But this can be prevented. Some of the foods that help in protecting the health of teeth and
gums are:
l Tea: Compounds called polyphenols, found in black and green teas, slow the growth of
bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease.In a 2010 study published in the Journal
of Dental Research, Wu and her colleagues wrote that tea, especially black tea, fights
halitosis, or bad breath. "Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the
production of smelly compounds in the mouth," Wu said.
l Cheese: Research published in the journal General Dentistry earlier this year reported
that 12- to 15-year-olds who ate cheddar cheese had lower acid levels in their mouths than
those who ate sugar-free yogurt or drank a glass of milk.
l Raisins: Naturally sweet, raisins don't contain sucroseare also a source of
phytochemicals, which may kill cavity-causing plaque bacteria. Some compounds in
raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease.
l Crunchy Foods: munching foods like carrots, apples and cucumbers may disturb the
plaque and act as a cleansing agent.
l Vitamin Rich Food: According to American Dental Association foods that contain
calcium (e.g. cheese, leafy greens and almonds) and phosphorous (e.g. meat, eggs and fish)
can help keep tooth enamel strong and healthy.
l Sugarless Gum: Chewing increases saliva secretion clearing away some bacteria.
l Milk: According to a study published in the Americal Dental Association, drinking a glass
of milk after downing dry, sugar-sweetened Fruit Loops lowered levels of acid in the
mouth more than drinking water or apple juice did.
To help control the amount of sugar you consume, read food labels and choose foods and
beverages that are low in added sugars. Regular brushing and flossing help keep teeth healthy
by getting rid of sugars and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque.
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that people who rinsed their mouths
with black tea for one minute, 10 times a day, had less plaque buildup on their teeth than people
who rinsed their mouths with water. What's more, the size and stickiness of their plaque was
reduced.
I also take this opportunity to wish all of you a very happy, prosperous and healthy year ahead.
Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
A) ORIGINAL RESEARCH
1. AN INSIGHT OF FOOD FREQUENCY AND ACQUIRED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (ADA) 4
IN FEMALE STUDENTS PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION- A SURVEY STUDY
Dr. Himanshu Thukral, Dr. Anjana Goyal, Dr. Reena Doomra
B) REVIEW
2. SURGICALLY ASSISTED RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION - A REVIEW 10
Dr. Pooja Madan, Dr. Sridhar Kannan, Dr. Nitin Arora, Dr. Ashish Kumar Singh, Dr. Karan Sharma
3. CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY : 16
A DIAGNOSTIC BOON IN DENTISTRY–REVIEW
Radhika Chhibber (Graduate Student, Manav Rachna Dental College)
4. SALIVARY DIAGNOSTICS - A BLOODLESS REVOLUTION 22
Dr. Priya Mamachan, Dr. Vishal Dang, Dr. Neelkamal Sharda Bharadwaj, Dr. Natalia DeSilva,
Dr. Priyanka Kant
5. HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY 30
Dr. Archana Bharti Raina, Dr. Vandana Srikrishna Chadha, Dr. Pooja Palwankar, Dr. AshishVerma
6. ROLE OF FORENSIC ODONTOLOGIST FOR VICTIM IDENTIFICATION 38
IN MASS DISASTERS: A REVIEW
Dr. Jaishree Sharma, Dr. Shivani Aggarwal, Dr. Neha Khurana, Dr. Sharanjeet Gill,
Dr. Anchal Varshney, Dr. Disha Chopra
7. GINGIVAL BIOTYPE:- A REVIEW 42
Dr. Sonam Rana, Dr. Pooja Palwankar, Dr. Ashish Verma, Dr. Vandana S. Chadha, Dr. Nipun Dhalla
C) CASE REPORT
8. 3D OBTURATION 46
Dr. Arundeep Singh, Dr. Dax Abraham, Dr. Ravjot Ahuja, Dr. Abhinav Kumar, Dr. Aayushi Narang
9. OVERDENTURE: PRESERVATION OVER REPLACEMENT 49
Dr. Akanksha Mahajan, Dr. Pankaj Dhawan, Dr. Pankaj Madhukar, Dr. Piyush Tandan,
Dr. Shivam Tomar, Dr. Anish Goyal
10. Z- PLASTY REVISITED 53
Dr. Gargi Bhatia, Dr. Ashish Verma MDS, Dr. Pooja Palwankar MDS,
Dr. Vandana Srikrishna Chadha MDS
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Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
AN INSIGHT OF FOOD FREQUENCY AND ACQUIRED DIETARY ALLOWANCE (ADA)
IN FEMALE STUDENTS PURSUING HIGHER EDUCATION- A SURVEY STUDY
Abstract
A survey study has been done to understand and analyze the dietary pattern of the individuals in a population of
women subjects. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in
relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. Malnutrition is a condition that
results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health
problems. A nutritional assessment is an in-depth evaluation of both objective and subjective data related to an
individual's food and nutrient intake and lifestyle. Questionnaires were developed to find out the socio-economic
profile, dietary intake, nutritional status, general awareness and general practices about health and hygiene in adult
females. During a nutrition interview the practitioner may ask what the individual ate during the previous twenty-
four hours, beginning with the last item eaten prior to the interview. In this particular survey, we have used food
frequency list along with the 24-hours recall method for taking data of the foods consumed within past 24 hours by
the individual subjects. The nutrient consumption (ADA) had been observed to be higher than that of RDA, which
may be associated with the risk of health related problems in the studied population. This increase in the dietary
consumption is clearly visible, and there is a need to educate and create awareness regarding healthy food habits.
Dr Himanshu Thukral1, Dr Anjana Goyal2 and Dr Reena Doomra3
1Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, India
2Reader, Department of Biochemistry, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, India
3Reader, Department of Pharmacology, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, India
Keywords: Nutritional assessment, dietary intake, food groups, malnutrition, nutrient adequacy ratio
Introduction effects of malnutrition, and because these effects are
severe, long lasting, and cumulative[4]. Inadequate intake
Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of
of micronutrients can adversely influence growth and
nutrients and other substances in food in relation to
development, cognitive performance and increase
maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease
susceptibility to infections[5,6].
of an organism. Malnutrition or malnourishment is a
condition that results from eating a diet in which While malnutrition is prevalent among all segments of
nutrients are either not enough or are too much such the population, poor nutrition among women begins
that the diet causes health problems. Freedom from during infancy and continues throughout their lifetime
hunger and malnutrition is a basic human right and their [7,8]. The nutrition transition in low income countries is
alleviation is fundamental prerequisite for human and being recognized as an emerging crisis due to changing
national development[1]. Various forms of malnutrition health profiles[9]. A classical example of changing health
including both macro and micronutrient deficiencies profile is evident from the nationwide surveys mapping
affect a large segment of population in India[2]. Various the nutritional profile of women (NFHS, 2007)[10].
surveys carried out in different developing countries Research on women's status in society has found that
including India, have shown that aetiology of the contributions Indian women make to families are
malnutrition is complex and often lacks clear cut often overlooked. Poor health has repercussions not
elucidation. Systemic investigations revealed that the only for women, but also their families.
main causes of malnutrition are poverty, ignorance, and
Dietary studies are relevant for improving our
infection which are interlinked with one another to
understanding of the role of nutrition in preventing
form a web of socioeconomic complex[3]. Frye Kristin
certain diseases, for identifying causes of public health
et al (2013) said that, malnutrition is a quiet pandemic
problems and cost-effective interventions aimed at
affecting millions of people throughout the world. It
reducing potential health risks. Diet and nutrition are
has high public health significance because of the large
important factors in the promotion and maintenance of
number of people affected by malnutrition, the fact that
good health throughout the life. Income, individual
vulnerable populations disproportionately suffer the
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Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
preferences and beliefs, cultural traditions, as well as 2. Food frequency questionnaire:- It included
geographical, environmental, social and economic information about the consumption of
factors all interact in a complex manner to shape dietary various food groups, their amounts and their
consumption patterns. A normal balanced diet must frequencies of consumption. The questionnaire
include foods from various food groups in sufficient consisted of all the common food products
amounts to meet the needs of an individual and to that were consumed in the study area.
increase the immunity. As responsible health The frequency of consumption and also the
professionals, we intend to make an effort to investigate amounts of food products were collected on
the nutritional status, dietary intake of women in the basis of which nutrient consumption in
professional courses. We aim to find the nutritional a day was calculated for each sample. The data
status of a sample urban female population and was analyzed to find out:
compare with recommended dietary allowance (RDA).
l The frequency of consumption of all the
As health education should give more emphasis to
food products,
prevent health problems rather than providing cure[11].
l The minimum, maximum and mean intake
Females have been singled out giving regard to their
of all the food products and,
importance and role in the development and welfare of
a family, society and a country as a whole. The data from l The minimum, maximum and mean intake
of the various macronutrients including
our study may also provide an insight to programmers
energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat.
to design/develop interventions for health and life style.
l Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for energy,
Material & Methods protein, carbohydrates and fat.
Participants
Statistical Analysis
20 asymptomatic female participants (Amity University
The data was analyzed using MS Excel windows
Students) were randomly selected, mean age (± SD);
software, statistical analysis including mean, frequency,
22.75 ± 1.11) years. Exclusion criteria for the study were
cumulative percent, standard deviation and student's t-
any history of acute and chronic diseases. A written
test was carried out. The average daily intake of foods
consent was taken from all participants before
and their nutrients was calculated for acquired dietary
commencement of the study. All the participants were
allowance (ADA) and compared with ICMR
assessed using questionnaire method.
recommended RDA. These test were applied to find
Study Protocol out:
Questionnaires were developed to find out the socio- l The minimum, maximum and mean intake of
economic profile, dietary intake, nutritional status, the various macronutrients including energy,
general awareness and general practices about health protein, carbohydrate and fat.
and hygiene in adult females. l Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for energy,
protein, carbohydrates and fat.
1. Background questionnaire:- It consisted of
personal profile, their activity patterns and l NAR[12] is the percent nutrient intake in
terms of RDA and can be calculated as under.
family history.
l Personal profile: It included the basic Nutrient Intake
information about the sample i.e. name, age, NAR = X 100
RDA
food habits (vegetarian, non-vegetarian or
eggetarian), addiction (smoking,
Results & Observations
alcoholism), etc. The data was analysed by
calculating the frequencies of variables. Dietary Pattern
l Activity pattern: It includes the daily The dietary habits of the individuals were analysed to be
exercise, sleeping pattern, meal Pattern,
60% non-vegetarian and 40% vegetarian in the total
Medications etc.
sample population (Figure 1).
l Family History: It included information
about the diseases that are associated with
the family members.
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Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
Fig 1. Overall percentage of dietary pattern among
the sample population Fig 4. Observed consumption frequency of pulses
and legumes
Nutritional Analysis
Food Consumption Frequency
Table 1. Percentage of Consumption Frequency of
Each Food Group
CONSUMPTION DAILY 4-7 TIMES IN A 2-3 TIMES IN A ONCE IN A LESS THAN NEVER
FREQUENCY WEEK WEEK WEEK ONCE A WEEK
FOOD GROUP CONSU(%M)PTION CO NS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M)PTION CONS(U%M )PTION
Milk & Milk 75 5 10 10 0 0
Products
MPearto d&u cMtseat 0 0 5 25 20 50
Pulses & 40 15 25 10 10 0
Legumes
Veg. A 20 35 30 5 10 0
Veg. B 35 25 20 5 10 5
Fruits 30 15 25 10 10 10
Cereals 65 15 15 5 0 0 Fig 5. Observed consumption frequency of cereals
Fat 65 0 10 0 15 10
Sugar 65 5 5 0 10 15 and cereal products
Fig 6. Observed consumption frequency of green leafy
vegetables (Veg. A)
Fig 2. Observed consumption frequency of milk products
Fig 7. Observed consumption frequency of roots
Fig 3. Observed consumption frequency of meat and tubers (Veg.B)
and meat product
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Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
Acquired Dietary Allowance (ADA) and
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Table 2 showing ADA, RDA and NAR of Overall
Sample Population
S.NO. NUT RIENT ADA RDA DIFFERENCE NAR(%)
1 ENERGY(kcal/d)* 2525.34 1875 650.34 135
2 PROTEIN(g/d)** 87.91 50 37.91 176
3 CARBOHYDRATE(g/d)** 417.4 130 287.4 68
4 FAT(g/d)** 52.6 20 32.6 263
*kcal/d- Kilocalorie/day, **g/d - Gram/day
Fig 8. Observed consumption frequency of fruits The nutrient consumption (ADA) had been observed
to be higher than that of RDA, which may be associated
with the risk of health related problems in the studied
population. Although on application of student's t-test
between ADA and RDA it was not significant (P<0.05).
The net difference is represented in the Table 2. above.
Also, a closer comparative analysis of the differences in
consumption unit of each nutrient with respect to ADA
and RDA is represented in figure 11.
Fig 9. Observed consumption frequency of fats and
fatty foods
Fig 11. Graphical representation of comparative analysis
of RDA and ADA
Fig 10. Observed consumption frequency of sugars
Discussion
A throughout analysis of the food consumption More than half of the total number of individuals in the
frequency is well depicted in Table 1, showing studied population of women subjects is seen to be
percentage of total no. of subjects in corresponding non-vegetarian, whereas 40% amongst them are
food groups and consumption frequency. Figure 1-10 vegetarian. This suggests that the nutritional status and
shows most of the individuals consume cereals and food consumption frequency in the non-vegetarian
cereal product as their staple food, making it up to 65%. group have a different pattern of distribution between
Milk and milk products show a high consumption the various food groups and dietary pattern in
within the sample population as 75% of the total comparison to vegetarians'. But unlike this assumption,
individuals consume milk on a daily basis. Fats and sugar even though 60% of the population are non-vegetarian,
are equally consumed as cereals, making 65% of the the food habits are almost similar in both the groups,
total sample size consuming it daily. Even though 60% and meat and meat products becomes the least
of the individuals were non-vegetarian, meat and meat consumed food group amongst all the different
products are still less consumed as compared to pulses categories and their sub-categories.
and legumes, and vegetables.
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Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016
The food frequency list gives an overall idea of the that of the RDA, which attributes to the increased risk
frequently consumed food in the sample population. A of obesity and obesity-related health issues among a
major fraction of individuals prefer cereals and cereal good number the individuals. Hence, the food plan of
products as their staple food. The study shows a high the individuals must be revised to improve the quality of
consumption of milk and milk products, which most of their health. Increasing the awareness regarding healthy
the subjects consume on a daily basis, cereals and sugar food habits would eventually lead to good health among
show equal consumption, followed by pulses and the women.
legumes, vegetables and fruits. High sugar intake may be
due to regular intake of sugar and sweets, which forms References:
an inevitable part of Indian delicacies. The least
1. Sati V, Dahiya S. Nutritional Assessment of Rural
consumed food, as mentioned above, is meat and meat
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amount of nutrients (ADA) is found to be exceeding in
2. Vandana Sati, Saroj Dahiya. Nutritional
the data. The result was not significant as the sample size
Assessment of Rural School-Going Children (7-9
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visible, and there is a need to educate and create Primary School Children in Wakiso District
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Studies on weight training show clinically significant years old. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71: 55-63
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Conclusion
10. International Institute for Population Sciences
It may be concluded that a fraction of individuals do not
(IIPS), 2010. District Level Household and
lie in the range of normal healthy individuals, as most of
Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India.
the women are taking fat in much higher amounts as
Mumbai: IIPS
analysed by this survey. However, acquired dietary
consumption of nutrients is higher on an average than
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Dental Lamina - Journal of Dental Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2, December. 2016