Democratic Acceptance of Spatial Planning Policy Measures

213 Pages·2019·2.97 MB·English

by  Lyn Ellen Pleger

Lyn Ellen Pleger
Democratic
Acceptance
of Spatial
Planning Policy
Measures
Democratic Acceptance of Spatial Planning Policy
Measures
Lyn Ellen Pleger
Democratic Acceptance
of Spatial Planning Policy
Measures
123
LynEllen Pleger,PhD
KPM Centerfor Public Management
University of Bern
Bern, Switzerland
ISBN978-3-319-90877-9 ISBN978-3-319-90878-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90878-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018939947
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAG
partofSpringerNature
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Acknowledgements
This book is based on my Ph.D. thesis and writing this book was only made
possiblethroughthesupportofmanydifferentpeopletowhomIowealotofcredit,
thank you very much.
Aboveall,IwouldliketoconveymymostsincerethankstomysupervisorProf.
Dr.FritzSager.HewasnotonlyagreatPh.D.supervisor,alwaysprovidinghelpful
advicethroughoutthewholeprocessofthisbook,buthewasalsoamentorwhose
academic and professional experience was a consistent and great source to learn
from. I appreciate that he enabled me to follow my own research approaches and
alsoalwaystooktimetoprovideconstructiveinputandencouragement.Thankyou
very much.
SpecialthanksgotoProf.Dr.IsabelleStadelmann-Steffen,thesecondsupervisor
of my Ph.D. thesis, who provided very valuable input and comments addressing
boththeoreticalconsiderationsaswellasmethodologicalapplications.Iwouldlike
to thank Philipp Lutz for the productive cooperation with him and Fritz Sager on
the experimental study of this book. I am also very grateful to the Swiss National
Science Foundation (SNF), which funded the research of my Ph.D. thesis as part
of the research project POLISOL (grant 157851).
Forthesuperbworkingatmosphere,Iwouldliketothankallmycolleaguesand
friendsfromFritzSager’sresearchteam.Itwasalwaysfun,whichmadeitfeelless
like work and I have also benefited greatly from their input and support. I had a
great time during my work at the KPM, thank you, Team Sager.
Importantly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my friends and
family. Explicitly, Ifirstly thank Philfor all his support.Iwould alsolike tothank
Phil, Gareth, Liam and Christine for proofreading my English. For their critical
feedbackandenrichingcomments,Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmyspecialthanksto
my friends Sharon, Andrea, Susanne, Kolja, Anna, Peter and Nula. In addition, I
thank the RHB from Refrath.
Myparticularandexplicitthanksfortheirunwaveringsupportgotomyparents,
DorisandRoland,thankyouverymuchforeverything.Ialsothankmysister,Inga,
as well as Bernd, Emil, Jonas, Ulrike, Arnim, Merle and Marit.
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Research Aims and Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Current Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Empirical Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Structure of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part I Sustainable Spatial Planning and Democratic Acceptance
2 Sustainable Spatial Planning in Direct Democracies:
The Case of Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Spatial Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.1 Terminology and Meaning of Spatial Planning . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.2 Origin and Establishing of Spatial Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.3 Challenges, Fundamentals and Goals of Spatial
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.4 Sustainability in the Context of Spatial Planning . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Spatial Planning as a Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 Mode of Action of Spatial Planning Policies. . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Involvement Pattern of Affected Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 Sustainable Spatial Planning Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1 Definition and Types of Spatial Planning Measures . . . . . . 29
2.3.2 Regulative Policy Instruments and Incentive-Based
Policy Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.3 Effectiveness of Spatial Planning Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Spatial Planning in Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 Characteristics of Spatial Planning in Switzerland . . . . . . . 34
2.4.2 Origin and Establishing of Spatial Planning in
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.3 Spatial Planning Measures in Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
vii
viii Contents
3 Democratic Acceptance of Spatial Planning Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Definition of Acceptance of Public Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.1 Differences Between Acceptability and Acceptance . . . . . . 41
3.1.2 Measuring Democratic Acceptance of Spatial
Planning Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 Direct Democracy in Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.1 Direct-Democratic Rights in Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.2 Usage of Direct-Democratic Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 State of Research on Democratic Acceptance Determinants
of Policy Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3.1 Findings from Environmental Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.2 Findings from Transport Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3.3 Approaching Democratic Acceptance of Spatial
Planning Policy Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Part II Acceptance of Spatial Planning Measures at the Macro
Level: A Multilevel Approach
4 Determinants of Democratic Acceptance: A Two-Level Analysis . . . 59
4.1 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.1.1 Individual Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1.2 Contextual Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 Data and Operationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.3 Method and Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.5 Preliminary Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.6 From Contextual Determinants to the Importance
of the Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
PartIII AcceptanceofSpatialPlanningMeasuresattheMesoLevel:
A Case Study
5 The Motivation Behind Democratic Acceptance: A Case Study . . . . 89
5.1 The Ballot Proposal of the Amendment of Spatial
Planning Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 Theoretical Framework: Heuristic Versus Systematic
Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.1 Heuristic Reasoning: Peripheral Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.2 Systematic Reasoning: Motivation Content . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3 Research Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.1 Data and Operationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.2 Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Contents ix
5.4 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.4.1 Peripheral Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.4.2 Motivation Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.4.3 Comprehensive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4.4 Personal Reasons for Voting Decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.5 Preliminary Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.6 Preliminary Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.7 From Content Determinants to the Importance of the Content
Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Part IV Acceptability of Spatial Planning Measures at the Micro
Level: An Experimental Approach
6 Framing Effects on Democratic Acceptability: An Experimental
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.1 Theoretical Framework: Framing Theory and the Causal
Model of Public Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.2 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.3 Experimental Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3.1 Procedure and Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.3.2 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.4 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.4.1 Goal Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.4.2 Attribute Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.5 Preliminary Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.6 Preliminary Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.7 Further Findings from the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.7.1 Acceptability of Incentive-Based Spatial Planning
Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.7.2 Acceptability of Specific Characteristics of Spatial
Planning Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Part V Discussion and Conclusions
7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
7.1 Initial Research Question and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.2 Synthesis of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.2.1 What Are the Contextual Determinants of Democratic
Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.2.2 How Does the Content Influence Democratic
Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.2.3 Which Means of Information Provision Influences
Democratic Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
7.2.4 Overall Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
x Contents
7.3 Interpretations and Possible Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.3.1 Particularity of Spatial Planning as a Policy Area . . . . . . . 161
7.3.2 Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.3.3 Embedded Layering Model for Spatial Planning
Policy Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8.1 Implications for Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8.2 Lessons for Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Appendices.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 177
References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 193
Abbreviations
AP Freedom Party of Switzerland [Freiheits-Partei der Schweiz]
CBA Cost-Benefit Analyses
CI Credible Interval
CVP Christian Democratic People’s Party [Christlichdemokratische
Volkspartei]
EU European Union
EVP Evangelical People’s Party [Evangelische Volkspartei]
FDP FDP.The Liberals [FDP.Die Liberalen]
FL First Level
GLM Generalized Linear Model
GPS Green Party [Grüne Partei der Schweiz]
KPM Center for Public Management [Kompetenzzentrum für Public
Management]
MCMC Markov Chain Monte Carlo
ML Multilevel
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PI Policy Instrument
PPP Polluter Pays Principle
RPG Federal Law on Spatial Planning [Raumplanungsgesetz]
SD Standard Deviation
SE Standard Error
SL Second Level
SP Social Democratic Party [Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz]
xi